Discriminations fondées notamment sur l’origine dans l’accès aux biens et services sur plusieurs plateformes collaboratives
This project is being carried out in partnership with the Défenseur des droits, a department of the French Prime Minister.
Project holder:
-
Morgane LAOUENAN (Université Paris 1, CNRS, LIEPP)
Research team:
- Guillaume Chapelle (CY Cergy Paris Université, LIEPP)
- Pierre Deschamps (SOFI, Université de Stockholm, LIEPP)
- Dylan Glover (INSEAD, LIEPP)
- Xavier Lambin (ESSEC)
Project description:
The aim of this study is to describe the phenomenon of discrimination on online platforms in France, and to propose a methodology that goes beyond simple descriptive analysis in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms behind any discrimination.
To carry out this assessment of discrimination based on origin in access to goods and services, we have chosen to focus on two leading French collaborative platforms: a car-sharing platform that connects drivers with free spaces in their cars and passengers (platform A) and a platform that allows users to sell and buy several types of goods (platform B).
Unlike Airbnb, few studies have assessed discrimination on these two platforms.
It may be interesting to assess discrimination on both sides of the market. These two platforms allow us to look at the behaviour of both drivers/sellers and passengers/buyers.
The characteristics of these two platforms allow us to identify certain new mechanisms (discrimination based on payment/interaction security for platform B and discrimination based on reputation for platform A).
The large volume of transactions enables us to study several underlying mechanisms of discrimination (according to the level of security, interaction, competition).
The preliminary results of our study can be summarised as follows. Firstly, concerning platform A, analysis of the scraping data suggests that drivers of North African and African origin receive lower incomes for similar journeys. This result is not confirmed by the testing, where we find no detectable difference between drivers of different origins, but an advantage for women who have a higher probability of receiving a reservation on their journeys. Can we therefore conclude that there is no discrimination against drivers of North African or African origin on platform A? The results of the experiment are not very precise and do not allow us to reject discrimination against these drivers on the same scale as that observed during the scraping. The imprecision of the results may be linked to greater variability in demand, linked to COVID, and to problems in setting up the experiment. The results of the experiment at this precise point do not therefore allow us to confirm or invalidate the results of the scraping.
The second part of the experiment on platform A looks at driver behaviour. Do drivers on this platform respond more often to requests for clarification from women or passengers of European origin? Gender seems to be particularly salient: female drivers respond less often to requests for clarification, while female passengers receive answers to their questions more often. The origin of the fictitious passengers, on the other hand, does not seem to have any effect on the response rate.
The results of the study on platform B seem more surprising. Analysis of the data collected shows that the adverts of people with a first name of African or North African origin last longer. This may suggest the existence of unfavourable behaviour towards members of this group. However, the results of the testing experiment reveal that minorities receive a significantly higher number of SMS and email contacts for their ads. At this stage, it is still difficult to explain this result and its interpretation remains delicate. In particular, it should be remembered that these contacts with potential buyers do not constitute formal sales and discrimination could persist when the sale is finalised. In addition, the trial focused on a limited number of properties. We are currently continuing the experiment to gain a better understanding of the results.
Project results:
Read a summary of the results: Les discriminations en raison du genre et de l’origine supposée sur deux plateformes collaboratives, Défenseur des droits, mars 2023.
Consult the study report: Les discriminations en raison du genre et de l’origine supposée sur deux plateformes collaboratives, Sciences Po LIEPP Report, october 2022.
Research group recent events
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Publications of the Research Group
- Anne REVILLARD, Les inégalités de genre dans l’enseignement supérieur et la recherche: Discussion autour du LIEPP Policy Brief nº14 LIEPP Working Paper [Methodological Discussion Paper] n°34bis, octobre 2014
- Pierre DESCHAMPS, José DE SOUSA, Labor Mobility and Racial Discrimination LIEPP Working Paper , n°35, December 2014
- Amy G. MAZUR, Does Feminist Policy Matter in Post Industrial Democracies? A Proposed Analytical Roadmap , LIEPP Working Paper n°42, november 2015
- François BONNET, Etienne LALÉ, Mirna SAFI, Etienne WASMER, Better residential than ethnic discrimination! Reconciling audit's findings and interviews'findings in the Parisian housing market LIEPP Working Paper n° 36, février 2015
- François BONNET, Robert ELLICKSON, Etienne LALÉ, David LAITIN, Mirna SAFI, Etienne WASMER, Better residential than ethnic discrimination! LIEPP Working Paper [Methodological Discussion Paper] n°38bis, September 2015
- Anne REVILLARD, La réception de l'action publique LIEPP Working Paper, n°55, July 2016
- Clément BELLET, Eve SIHRA, Less Food for More Status: Caste Inequality and Conspicuous Consumption in India LIEPP Working Paper, n° 56, September 2016
- Roger WALDINGER, Renee LUTHRA, Thomas Soehl Acquiring and Exercising Citizenship: The New Second Generation in the United States LIEPP Working Paper, n°58, October 2016
- Aliya SAPERSTEIN, Making the Case for Racial Mobility , LIEPP Working Paper, n°69, September 2017
- Robin STRYKER, Heidi REYNOLDS-STENSON, Krista FREDERICO Family responsibilities discrimination, HR work-family discourse and organizational mediation of US civil rights law , LIEPP Working Paper, n°70, September 2017
- Andreas STEINHAUER, Working Moms, Childlessness, and Female Identity LIEPP Working Paper, n°79, Mai 2018
- Fabio Quassoli, Monica Colombo, Andrea Molteni Governing through security? Institutional discourse, practices, and policies in the metropolitan city of Milan LIEPP Working Paper n°83, December 2018
- Jean-Benoit EYMEOUD , Paul VERTIER, Gender Biases: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in French Local Elections LIEPP Working Paper n°78, April, 2018
- Pierre DESCHAMPS, Gender Quotas in Hiring Committees: a Boon or a Bane for Women? LIEPP Working Paper, n°82, novembre 2018
- Célia BOUCHET, Handicaps et inégalités professionnelles en France: des disparités qui se creusent au fil des parcours de vie LIEPP Working Paper n°84, mars 2019
- Carrie SHANDRA, Disability and Patterns of Leisure Participation across the Life Course LIEPP Working Paper n°109, April 2020
- Clémence BERSON, Morgane LAOUENAN, Emmanuel VALAT Outsourcing recruitment as a solution to prevent discrimination : A correspondence study LIEPP Working Paper n°104, February 2020
- Mirna SAFI, Tianjian Lai, Haley McAvay Diverging Pathways : How Pre-Migration Selectivity and Initial Legal Status Shape Immigrant Outcomes in France LIEPP Working Paper n°103, January 2020
- Pierre DESCHAMPS, Anne REVILLARD, Marie SAUTIER, Mathieu ARBOGAST, Les quotas de genre dans le monde académique Débats du LIEPP n°5, février 2020
- Amy G. MAZUR, Isabelle ENGELI Research on French Gender Equality Policies in Practice: One Step Closer to A Recipe for Success LIEPP Policy Brief n°52, mai 2021
- Amy G. MAZUR, Isabelle ENGELI Les politiques françaises d'égalité des sexes en pratique : vers la recette du succès ? LIEPP Policy Brief n°52bis, mai 2021
- Anne BORING , Jennifer BROWN Gender and Choices in Higher Education LIEPP Working Paper n°122, Juin 2021
- Clémence BERSON, Morgane LAOUENAN, Emmanuel VALAT Centraliser le recrutement, un moyen efficace de prévention des discriminations ? LIEPP Policy Brief n°49, Février 2021
- José DE SOUSA, Guillaume HOLLARD From Micro to Macro Gender Differences: Evidence from Field Tournaments LIEPP Working Paper n°124, September 2021
- Anne REVILLARD, Yasmine TUFFY Gender quotas: an interdisciplinary scoping review LIEPP Working Paper n°131, février 2022
- Anne BORING , Gloria MORONI Turning back the clock: Beliefs about gender roles during lockdown LIEPP Working Paper n°133, April 2022
- Chloé MOUR, Anti-discrimination policies in higher education institutions: an interdisciplinary scoping review LIEPP Working Paper n°132, March 2022
- Célia BOUCHET, Des inégalités répertoriées : les (dé)valorisations genrées des emplois de soutien à la recherche LIEPP Working paper, n°135, juin 2022
- Anne BORING , Josse DELFGAAUW Social desirability bias in attitudes towards sexism and DEI policies in the workplace LIEPP Working Paper n°154, 2023
- José DE SOUSA, Guillaume HOLLARD Ces petites différences de genre qui deviennent grandes : le rôle de la compétition LIEPP Policy Brief n°62, 2023
- Marylène LIEBER, Gender-based violence and intersectionality: From theory to policy LIEPP Policy Brief n°69 bis, 2023
- Marylène LIEBER, Violences fondées sur le genre et intersectionnalité : de la théorie à l’action publique LIEPP Policy Brief n°69, 2023
- Ana MANZANO, User and Stakeholder Involvement in Realist Evaluation LIEPP Working Paper n°158, 2024