{"id":9988,"date":"2020-11-16T11:00:50","date_gmt":"2020-11-16T09:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=9988"},"modified":"2020-11-25T13:30:31","modified_gmt":"2020-11-25T11:30:31","slug":"le-racisme-anti-blancs-existe-t-il","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/le-racisme-anti-blancs-existe-t-il\/","title":{"rendered":"Le \u00ab racisme anti-Blancs \u00bb existe-t-il ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Par <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ceri\/fr\/cerispire-user\/7176\/1289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Daniel Sabbagh<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10083\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10083\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10083\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-214x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-214x300.png 214w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-104x146.png 104w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-36x50.png 36w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-54x75.png 54w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1.png 358w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10083\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Couverture de \u00ab Valeurs Actuelles \u00bb, 12 septembre 2019<\/p><\/div>\n<p>La d\u00e9nonciation du \u00ab racisme anti-Blancs\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9tant aujourd\u2019hui en France l\u2019un des chevaux de bataille de l\u2019extr\u00eame droite, la tentation est grande de n\u2019y voir qu\u2019un oxymore, un \u00ab non-sens \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/debats\/2020\/09\/04\/daniele-obono-et-la-valeur-actuelle-du-racisme_1798562\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dani\u00e8le Obono et la valeur actuelle du racisme<\/a>, Tribune d\u2019un collectif d\u2019universitaires incluant notamment l\u2019historienne Ludivine Bantigny et les sociologues Sarah Mazouz et Ugo Palheta ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/societe\/le-racisme-anti-blancs-existe-t-il\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le racisme anti-Blancs existe-t-il ?<\/a>, France Culture, octobre 2018 avec \u00c9ric Fassin, sociologue.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et une \u00ab imposture intellectuelle \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"http:\/\/reperes-antiracistes.fr\/\">Rep\u00e8res contre le racisme, pour la diversit\u00e9 et la solidarit\u00e9 internationale<\/a>, intervention du sociologue St\u00e9phane Beaud et de l\u2019historien G\u00e9rard Noiriel, colloque \u00ab Sous les masques du \u00ab racisme anti-Blancs \u00bb, 9 f\u00e9vrier 2013.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, parfois sur le fondement d\u2019une confusion entre racisme et discriminations<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lmsi.net\/De-l-urgence-d-en-finir-avec-le-racisme-anti-blanc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">De l\u2019urgence d\u2019en finir avec \u00ab le racisme anti-blanc \u00bb,<\/a> intervention de Joao Gabriel; <abbr class=\"published\" title=\"2019-09-08T20:19:01Z\">8 septembre 2019<\/abbr>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Compr\u00e9hensible, cette tentation est n\u00e9anmoins probl\u00e9matique.<br \/>\nPour s\u2019en convaincre, il suffit de passer en revue les trois conceptions principales du racisme actuellement en usage dans l\u2019ensemble des disciplines pertinentes : anthropologie, droit, histoire, philosophie, psychologie, science politique, sociologie.<\/p>\n<h4>Un racisme id\u00e9ologique<\/h4>\n<p>Le racisme peut tout d\u2019abord \u00eatre d\u00e9fini comme une <i>id\u00e9ologie<\/i>. Il s\u2019agit alors d\u2019un ensemble de propositions selon lesquelles: 1) L\u2019humanit\u00e9 se compose de groupes essentiellement distincts les uns des autres et caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s intrins\u00e8ques, d\u2019ordre naturel ou culturel ; 2) Ces propri\u00e9t\u00e9s caract\u00e9ristiques sont inn\u00e9es, immuables et h\u00e9r\u00e9ditairement transmissibles ; 3) Elles d\u00e9terminent un certain nombre de traits, d\u2019aptitudes ou de comportements passibles d\u2019une \u00e9valuation comparative; 4) Cette \u00e9valuation conduit \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tablissement d\u2019une hi\u00e9rarchie entre les groupes en question, que l\u2019on peut appeler \u00ab races \u00bb ; 5) Cette hi\u00e9rarchie justifie la domination des races inf\u00e9rieures par les races sup\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9992\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9992\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9992\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056.jpg 468w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056-89x146.jpg 89w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056-30x50.jpg 30w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056-46x75.jpg 46w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9992\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">G.F. Cuvier: racial characteristics; 1836-49<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Apparue dans l\u2019entre-deux-guerres, cette conception du racisme comme id\u00e9ologie n\u2019est nullement obsol\u00e8te. Elle r\u00e9unit des auteurs aussi divers \u2013 et aussi peu confidentiels \u2013 que l\u2019anthropologue fran\u00e7ais Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss, Didier Eribon, <i>De pr\u00e8s et de loin<\/i>, Odile Jacob, 1988.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, le philosophe am\u00e9ricano-ghan\u00e9en Kwame Anthony Appiah<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kwame Anthony Appiah, <i>In My Father\u2019s House<\/i>, Oxford University Press, 1992.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et les sociologues Robert Miles (britannique)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Robert Miles, <i>Racism<\/i>, Routledge, 1989.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et William Julius Wilson (\u00e9tats-unien)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">William Julius Wilson, <i>The Bridge over the Racial Divide. Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics<\/i>,\u00a0 University of California Press, 1999.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Dans cette perspective, les croyances \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9es plus haut \u00e9tant erron\u00e9es, une strat\u00e9gie antiraciste ad\u00e9quate devrait inclure la diffusion d\u2019informations exactes susceptibles de conduire \u00e0 la r\u00e9vision et, en dernier ressort, \u00e0 l\u2019abandon de ces croyances fausses. Les groupes \u00ab racis\u00e9s \u00bb ou \u00ab racialis\u00e9s \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Aucune distinction n\u2019est ici \u00e9tablie entre ces deux termes.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> sont ceux ind\u00fbment tenus pour des \u00ab races \u00bb au sens susvis\u00e9 et maltrait\u00e9s en tant que tels<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lawrence Blum, \u00ab Racialized Groups : The Sociohistorical Consensus \u00bb, <i>The Monist<\/i>, 93 (2), 2010, p. 298-320\u00a0; Michael Hardimon, <i>Rethinking Race. The Case for Deflationary Realism<\/i>, Harvard University Press, 2017.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Leurs membres ne peuvent enti\u00e8rement se soustraire \u00e0 la \u00ab charge mentale \u00bb consistant \u00e0 anticiper les r\u00e9actions n\u00e9gatives potentiellement suscit\u00e9es par leurs traits stigmatis\u00e9s afin de mieux s\u2019en pr\u00e9munir. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, \u00ab \u00eatre blanc, c\u2019est ne pas \u00eatre oblig\u00e9 d\u2019y penser \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Terry, \u00ab The Negative Impact on White Values \u00bb, dans Benjamin Bowser et Raymond Hunt (eds), <i>Impacts of Racism on White Americans<\/i>, Sage, 1981, p. 120.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Telle est m\u00eame la quintessence du \u00ab privil\u00e8ge \u00bb in\u00e9vitablement associ\u00e9 \u00e0 cette position dans la hi\u00e9rarchie raciale.<\/p>\n<h4>Un racisme attitudinal<\/h4>\n<p>Selon un autre courant de pens\u00e9e de quelques d\u00e9cennies post\u00e9rieur, largement issu de la psychologie sociale, le racisme peut aussi \u00eatre d\u00e9fini comme qualifiant une gamme d\u2019<i>attitudes<\/i> <i>n\u00e9gatives<\/i> d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par l\u2019appartenance per\u00e7ue de l\u2019individu cibl\u00e9 \u00e0 tel ou tel groupe conventionnellement d\u00e9fini comme \u00ab racial \u00bb. Ces \u00e9tats mentaux \u00e0 dominante affective \u2013 plut\u00f4t que cognitive<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jorge Garcia, \u00ab\u00a0Le c\u0153ur du racisme\u00a0\u00bb, dans Magali Bessone et Daniel Sabbagh (dir.), <i>Race, racisme, discriminations. Une anthologie de textes fondamentaux<\/i>, Hermann, coll. \u00ab L\u2019Avocat du Diable \u00bb, 2015, p. 125-155.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u2013 comprennent la haine, des formes d\u2019animosit\u00e9 moins intenses, la peur, le d\u00e9go\u00fbt, le m\u00e9pris, l\u2019irrespect<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joshua Glasgow, \u00ab Racism as Disrespect \u00bb, <i>Ethics<\/i>, 120 (1), 2009, p. 64-93.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ou une simple indiff\u00e9rence \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du bien-\u00eatre et des int\u00e9r\u00eats l\u00e9gitimes de la personne vis\u00e9e. Ils peuvent \u00e0 bon droit \u00eatre d\u00e9crits comme racistes m\u00eame si l\u2019individu qui les ressent n\u2019adh\u00e8re pas au racisme comme corpus doctrinal.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9996\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9996\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9996\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412-112x75.jpg 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9996\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Ces attitudes, fruit de la socialisation dans une large mesure, peuvent varier dans le temps et ne sont pas imm\u00e9diatement observables : elles ne peuvent \u00eatre qu\u2019inf\u00e9r\u00e9es des comportements constat\u00e9s. Cependant, elles ne se traduisent pas n\u00e9cessairement par des actes perceptibles. Il est tout \u00e0 fait concevable qu\u2019une attitude raciste ne donne lieu \u00e0 aucune discrimination, soit que la personne qui l\u2019\u00e9prouve la d\u00e9sapprouve et parvienne \u00e0 l\u2019emp\u00eacher de se manifester, soit qu\u2019elle entende \u00e9chapper \u00e0 l\u2019opprobre qui s\u2019attache \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9riorisation d\u2019affects racistes dans certains contextes, soit encore par crainte de s\u2019exposer \u00e0 des sanctions dict\u00e9es par la loi.<br \/>\nDans cette perspective, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se formul\u00e9e par Gordon Allport dans son ouvrage pionnier<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gordon Allport, <i>The Nature of Prejudice<\/i>, New York, Basic Books, 1979 [1954].<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, une strat\u00e9gie antiraciste ad\u00e9quate devrait promouvoir la multiplication d\u2019interactions entre les membres de diff\u00e9rents groupes raciaux plac\u00e9s sur un pied d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 (1), tenus de coop\u00e9rer (2) pour atteindre un objectif commun (3), avec l\u2019appui d\u2019une autorit\u00e9 reconnue (4). En effet, depuis plus d\u2019un demi-si\u00e8cle, un grand nombre d\u2019\u00e9tudes exp\u00e9rimentales ont montr\u00e9 qu\u2019il en r\u00e9sulte bel et bien une diminution de la composante \u00e9motionnelle du racisme. Qui plus est, cette diminution est durable. Enfin, elle b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble des membres du groupe stigmatis\u00e9 &#8211; au-del\u00e0 des seuls protagonistes impliqu\u00e9s dans l\u2019interaction -, ainsi m\u00eame qu\u2019aux membres d\u2019autres minorit\u00e9s du m\u00eame type<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Thomas Pettigrew et Linda Tropp, \u00ab A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory \u00bb, <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/i>, 90 (5), 2006, p. 751-783.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<h4>Un racisme syst\u00e9mique<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_9999\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9999\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_1760040248-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9999\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00ab\u00a0March of Silence\u00a0\u00bb, Seattle, Washington \/ USA &#8211; June 12 2020 \u00a9 2003-2020 Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Une troisi\u00e8me conception du racisme, la plus r\u00e9cente<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Stokely Carmichael et Charles Hamilton, <i>Black Power. The Politics of Liberation in America<\/i>, New York, Vintage, 1967\u00a0; Robert Blauner, <i>Racial Oppression in America<\/i>, New York, Harper and Row, 1972.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, fait de ce dernier le <i>syst\u00e8me<\/i> comprenant l\u2019ensemble des facteurs (id\u00e9es, discours, actions, r\u00e8gles institutionnelles\u2026) qui contribuent \u00e0 la production et \u00e0 la reproduction d\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9s entre groupes \u00ab\u00a0raciaux\u00a0\u00bb, chacun des \u00e9l\u00e9ments dot\u00e9s d\u2019une valeur causale \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard pouvant alors \u00eatre qualifi\u00e9 de \u00ab\u00a0raciste\u00a0\u00bb pour cette raison seule. Bien qu\u2019ayant aujourd\u2019hui le vent en poupe des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de l\u2019Atlantique, cette conception du racisme \u00ab\u00a0syst\u00e9mique\u00a0\u00bb soul\u00e8ve au moins trois difficult\u00e9s.<br \/>\nSur le plan analytique, elle emp\u00eache de distinguer les <i>m\u00e9canismes sp\u00e9cifiques<\/i> (violence physique, discrimination, s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation, stigmatisation, autodisqualification\u2026) dont l\u2019interaction engendre et perp\u00e9tue les d\u00e9savantages subis par les membres des groupes racis\u00e9s<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Glenn Loury, \u00ab\u00a0Les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes raciaux\u00a0\u00bb, dans Bessone et Sabbagh, <i>Race, racisme, discriminations<\/i>, <i>op. cit.<\/i>, p. 203-234\u00a0; Elizabeth Anderson, \u00ab\u00a0S\u00e9gr\u00e9gation, stigmatisation raciale et discrimination\u00a0\u00bb, <i>ibid<\/i>., p. 235-276.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Or seul un examen minutieux de leurs modalit\u00e9s d\u2019articulation, qui suppose cette distinction pr\u00e9alable, permettrait l\u2019\u00e9laboration de politiques publiques adapt\u00e9es.<br \/>\nSur le plan politique, d\u2019une part, elle risque d\u2019affaiblir la coalition antiraciste en s\u2019ali\u00e9nant la bonne volont\u00e9 d\u2019une partie de ses membres potentiels, possiblement d\u00e9courag\u00e9s par l\u2019usage maximaliste et l\u2019application \u00e0 eux-m\u00eames d\u2019un terme in\u00e9vitablement charg\u00e9 d\u2019une tr\u00e8s grande force accusatoire. D\u2019autre part, et inversement, le risque est de banaliser des accusations bien fond\u00e9es de racisme au sens plus \u00e9troit\u00a0: si tout est \u00ab\u00a0raciste\u00a0\u00bb, <i>in fine<\/i>, plus rien ne l\u2019est.<\/p>\n<h4>Quid du \u00ab\u00a0racisme anti-Blancs\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0?<\/h4>\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019issue de ce bref panorama, revenons donc \u00e0 notre question initiale\u00a0: le \u00ab\u00a0racisme anti-Blancs\u00a0\u00bb existe-t-il\u00a0?<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10001\" style=\"width: 289px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10001\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/447px-Elijah_Muhammad_NYWTS-2-279x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"279\" height=\"300\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10001\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elijah Muhammad standing behind microphones at podium \/ World Telegram &amp; Sun photo by Stanley Wolfson, via Wikimedia Commons<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Si par \u00ab\u00a0racisme\u00a0\u00bb on entend l\u2019id\u00e9ologie ou\u00a0 les attitudes n\u00e9gatives \u00e9voqu\u00e9es plus haut, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9tendue et l\u2019intensit\u00e9 du racisme subi par les \u00ab\u00a0non-Blancs\u00a0\u00bb, il serait pour le moins surprenant que l\u2019on ne trouve aucune occurrence &#8211; ne serait-ce que r\u00e9active &#8211; de \u00ab\u00a0racisme anti-Blancs\u00a0\u00bb. De fait, on en trouve sans grande difficult\u00e9. Un exemple \u00ab\u00a0id\u00e9ologique\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: les propos d\u2019Elijah Muhammad, pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019organisation am\u00e9ricaine <i>Nation of Islam<\/i> de 1934 \u00e0 1975, selon lesquels tous les Blancs s\u2019apparenteraient \u00e0 des \u00ab d\u00e9mons \u00bb. Un exemple \u00ab attitudinal \u00bb : la vid\u00e9o mise en ligne en France, en septembre 2018, par le rappeur Nick Conrad ayant pour titre \u00ab Pendez les Blancs \u00bb, qui lui a valu une condamnation \u00e0 5 000 euros d\u2019amende pour provocation au crime. Dans les deux cas, la qualification de \u00ab racisme anti-Blancs \u00bb ne para\u00eet pas constituer un abus de langage.<\/p>\n<p>Est-il besoin de pr\u00e9ciser que rien de ce qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de ne vient \u00e9tayer la th\u00e8se invraisemblable selon laquelle, en France ou ailleurs, l\u2019ampleur du \u00ab racisme anti-Blancs \u00bb serait similaire \u00e0 celle du racisme auquel se heurtent les membres des minorit\u00e9s ? Aucune mise en \u00e9quivalence ne d\u00e9coule des arguments ici formul\u00e9s. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9vidence, les <i>discriminations raciales<\/i> \u2013 directes ou indirectes, intentionnelles ou involontaires, voire \u00ab\u00a0syst\u00e9miques\u00a0\u00bb \u2013 ne frappent pas \u00e9galement Blancs et non-Blancs.<\/p>\n<p>Reste un constat\u00a0: c\u2019est uniquement si l\u2019on opte pour la troisi\u00e8me conception &#8211; \u00ab\u00a0syst\u00e9mique\u00a0\u00bb &#8211; du racisme <i>et si l\u2019on exclut enti\u00e8rement les deux autres<\/i> que le \u00ab racisme anti-Blancs \u00bb en vient \u00e0 constituer une contradiction dans les termes. Mais pourquoi faudrait-il privil\u00e9gier cette option plut\u00f4t que de s\u2019en tenir \u00e0 une approche pluraliste? Le racisme est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne multidimensionnel. Affirmer doctement que \u00ab le racisme anti-Blancs n\u2019existe pas \u00bb exige d\u2019\u00e9vacuer purement et simplement deux de ses dimensions principales. La fin ne justifie pas les moyens. Plut\u00f4t que de servir sur un plateau \u00e0 l\u2019extr\u00eame-droite le \u00ab tabou \u00bb qu\u2019elle ne manquera pas de faire fructifier \u00e0 ses propres fins, mieux vaudrait traiter l\u2019existence \u00e9ventuelle d\u2019un \u00ab racisme anti-Blancs \u00bb comme une question empirique, et non comme une aberration. Selon toute vraisemblance, la baudruche ne s\u2019en d\u00e9gonflera que plus ais\u00e9ment<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9988_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(17)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ce texte a b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 des remarques critiques de Laure Bereni, Magali Bessone, Julie Saada et H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Naudet, que je remercie.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9988_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ceri\/fr\/cerispire-user\/7176\/1289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Daniel Sabbagh<\/a> est directeur de recherche au Centre de recherches internationales (CERI). Ses travaux portent principalement sur la probl\u00e9matique des discriminations et des discriminations positives envisag\u00e9es dans une perspective comparative et pluridisciplinaire, le multiculturalisme, le droit am\u00e9ricain, les th\u00e9ories de la justice et de l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9, les d\u00e9terminants internes de la politique ext\u00e9rieure am\u00e9ricaine et la peine de mort aux \u00c9tats-Unis.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/auteur\/2441\/9labe9r4se65i789685q54ps0\">Voir ses publications.<\/a><\/pre>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_9988_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_9988_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_9988_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_9988_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/debats\/2020\/09\/04\/daniele-obono-et-la-valeur-actuelle-du-racisme_1798562\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dani\u00e8le Obono et la valeur actuelle du racisme<\/a>, Tribune d\u2019un collectif d\u2019universitaires incluant notamment l\u2019historienne Ludivine Bantigny et les sociologues Sarah Mazouz et Ugo Palheta ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/societe\/le-racisme-anti-blancs-existe-t-il\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le racisme anti-Blancs existe-t-il ?<\/a>, France Culture, octobre 2018 avec \u00c9ric Fassin, sociologue.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/reperes-antiracistes.fr\/\">Rep\u00e8res contre le racisme, pour la diversit\u00e9 et la solidarit\u00e9 internationale<\/a>, intervention du sociologue St\u00e9phane Beaud et de l\u2019historien G\u00e9rard Noiriel, colloque \u00ab Sous les masques du \u00ab racisme anti-Blancs \u00bb, 9 f\u00e9vrier 2013.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lmsi.net\/De-l-urgence-d-en-finir-avec-le-racisme-anti-blanc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">De l\u2019urgence d\u2019en finir avec \u00ab le racisme anti-blanc \u00bb,<\/a> intervention de Joao Gabriel; <abbr class=\"published\" title=\"2019-09-08T20:19:01Z\">8 septembre 2019<\/abbr>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss, Didier Eribon, <i>De pr\u00e8s et de loin<\/i>, Odile Jacob, 1988.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kwame Anthony Appiah, <i>In My Father\u2019s House<\/i>, Oxford University Press, 1992.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Robert Miles, <i>Racism<\/i>, Routledge, 1989.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">William Julius Wilson, <i>The Bridge over the Racial Divide. Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics<\/i>,\u00a0 University of California Press, 1999.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Aucune distinction n\u2019est ici \u00e9tablie entre ces deux termes.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lawrence Blum, \u00ab Racialized Groups : The Sociohistorical Consensus \u00bb, <i>The Monist<\/i>, 93 (2), 2010, p. 298-320\u00a0; Michael Hardimon, <i>Rethinking Race. The Case for Deflationary Realism<\/i>, Harvard University Press, 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Robert Terry, \u00ab The Negative Impact on White Values \u00bb, dans Benjamin Bowser et Raymond Hunt (eds), <i>Impacts of Racism on White Americans<\/i>, Sage, 1981, p. 120.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jorge Garcia, \u00ab\u00a0Le c\u0153ur du racisme\u00a0\u00bb, dans Magali Bessone et Daniel Sabbagh (dir.), <i>Race, racisme, discriminations. Une anthologie de textes fondamentaux<\/i>, Hermann, coll. \u00ab L\u2019Avocat du Diable \u00bb, 2015, p. 125-155.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joshua Glasgow, \u00ab Racism as Disrespect \u00bb, <i>Ethics<\/i>, 120 (1), 2009, p. 64-93.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gordon Allport, <i>The Nature of Prejudice<\/i>, New York, Basic Books, 1979 [1954].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Thomas Pettigrew et Linda Tropp, \u00ab A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory \u00bb, <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/i>, 90 (5), 2006, p. 751-783.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Stokely Carmichael et Charles Hamilton, <i>Black Power. The Politics of Liberation in America<\/i>, New York, Vintage, 1967\u00a0; Robert Blauner, <i>Racial Oppression in America<\/i>, New York, Harper and Row, 1972.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Glenn Loury, \u00ab\u00a0Les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes raciaux\u00a0\u00bb, dans Bessone et Sabbagh, <i>Race, racisme, discriminations<\/i>, <i>op. cit.<\/i>, p. 203-234\u00a0; Elizabeth Anderson, \u00ab\u00a0S\u00e9gr\u00e9gation, stigmatisation raciale et discrimination\u00a0\u00bb, <i>ibid<\/i>., p. 235-276.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9988_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9988_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ce texte a b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 des remarques critiques de Laure Bereni, Magali Bessone, Julie Saada et H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Naudet, que je remercie.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_9988_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_9988_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_9988_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_9988_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_9988_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_9988_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_9988_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_9988_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_9988_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_9988_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_9988_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_9988_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_9988_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_9988_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Par Daniel Sabbagh La d\u00e9nonciation du \u00ab racisme anti-Blancs\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9tant aujourd\u2019hui en France l\u2019un des chevaux de bataille de l\u2019extr\u00eame droite, la tentation est grande<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9990,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[318,267,268],"tags":[38,68],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9988"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9988"}],"version-history":[{"count":50,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9988\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10421,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9988\/revisions\/10421"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9990"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9988"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9988"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}