{"id":9471,"date":"2020-07-03T13:00:49","date_gmt":"2020-07-03T11:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=9471"},"modified":"2020-07-07T08:04:38","modified_gmt":"2020-07-07T06:04:38","slug":"when-economists-study-politics-in-developing-countries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/when-economists-study-politics-in-developing-countries\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"When Economists Study Politics in Developing Countries"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_9137\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9137\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9137\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/39773723980_ae63c7c401_w-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/39773723980_ae63c7c401_w-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/39773723980_ae63c7c401_w-204x146.jpg 204w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/39773723980_ae63c7c401_w-50x36.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/39773723980_ae63c7c401_w-105x75.jpg 105w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/39773723980_ae63c7c401_w.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9137\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">HE Uhuru Kenyatta, President, Republic of Kenya \u00a9 Chatham HouseCC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Better understanding the state of political systems \u2013 particularly in developing countries \u2013 via methods used by economists does not appear to be commonplace. However, it is an increasingly popular approach that provides results complementing those obtained by political scientists. <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/bmarx\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Benjamin Marx<\/a>, a researcher in the Department of Economics, has demonstrated their relevance in research he has conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and Indonesia.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>You study <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">political economy questions<\/span> in developing countries with an economist&#8217;s approach. Why this choice? What does economics bring to the analysis of phenomena that are usually <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the focus of political scientists<\/span>?<\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Benjamin Marx\u00a0 &#8211; I am convinced that an interdisciplinary approach brings immense value to the study of political phenomena. Several of my projects are collaborations between economists and political scientists: this is the case of a n experiment I conducted on vote buying in Uganda<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9471_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9471_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9471_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/open?id=1wHAtEFe54lT5JBqG0fDXVbwvt0Md6q7l\">Eat Widely, Vote Wisely? Lessons from a Campaign Against Vote Buying in Uganda<\/a> Benjamin Marx, Chris Blattman, Horacio Larreguy and Otis Reid, <em>NBER Working Paper<\/em>, September 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9471_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, and of a study exploring the relationship between the 1960 land reform and Islamic institutions in Indonesia<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9471_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9471_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9471_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1bm5baavqBOkEjiIfpfDTBzADvwCL6A9s\/view\">The Institutional Foundations of Religious Politics: Evidence from Indonesia<\/a>, Benjamin Marx, Samuel Bazzi and Gabriel Koehler-Derrick, <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/i>, May 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9471_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Both projects were collaborations involving researchers across the two disciplines. <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9117\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9117\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9117 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/25152090425_8b44c2b1eb_w-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/25152090425_8b44c2b1eb_w-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/25152090425_8b44c2b1eb_w-220x146.jpg 220w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/25152090425_8b44c2b1eb_w-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/25152090425_8b44c2b1eb_w-113x75.jpg 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/25152090425_8b44c2b1eb_w.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9117\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Election day in Uganda &#8211; 18 February 2016 \u00a9 The Commonwealth, CC BY-NC 2.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this interdisciplinary approach, political science brings its conceptual tools, its deep knowledge of institutional mechanisms (indispensable for understanding electoral phenomena), and its precise understanding of local contexts.\u00a0 In my work on Africa I have especially drawn on the work of political scientists such as Joel Barkan and Jeffrey Herbst, who have influenced many scholars in both disciplines.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile, economics and econometrics bring their methodological tools as well as great rigor to causal inference, which refers to a researcher\u2019s ability to establish a causal relationship between two variables X and Y. This type of approach has recently allowed economists to improve our understanding of political phenomena in developing countries.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9119\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9119\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9119\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/FireShot-Capture-044-PubMed-Central-Figure-5_-Econometrica.-2013-Jan-811_-113\u2013152.-doi_-www.ncbi_.nlm_.nih_.gov_-300x100.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/FireShot-Capture-044-PubMed-Central-Figure-5_-Econometrica.-2013-Jan-811_-113\u2013152.-doi_-www.ncbi_.nlm_.nih_.gov_-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/FireShot-Capture-044-PubMed-Central-Figure-5_-Econometrica.-2013-Jan-811_-113\u2013152.-doi_-www.ncbi_.nlm_.nih_.gov_-768x257.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/FireShot-Capture-044-PubMed-Central-Figure-5_-Econometrica.-2013-Jan-811_-113\u2013152.-doi_-www.ncbi_.nlm_.nih_.gov_-260x87.png 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/FireShot-Capture-044-PubMed-Central-Figure-5_-Econometrica.-2013-Jan-811_-113\u2013152.-doi_-www.ncbi_.nlm_.nih_.gov_-50x17.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/FireShot-Capture-044-PubMed-Central-Figure-5_-Econometrica.-2013-Jan-811_-113\u2013152.-doi_-www.ncbi_.nlm_.nih_.gov_-150x50.png 150w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/FireShot-Capture-044-PubMed-Central-Figure-5_-Econometrica.-2013-Jan-811_-113\u2013152.-doi_-www.ncbi_.nlm_.nih_.gov_.png 884w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9119\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Precolonial Politcal Centralisation and Light Density, \u00a9 Stelios Michalopoulos and Elias Papaioannou<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, two Greek economists \u2013 Stelios Michalopoulos and Elias Papaioannou<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9471_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9471_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9471_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Stelios Michalopoulos and Elias Papaioannou,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4118452\/\"> Pre-colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African Development<\/a>, <i>Econometrica<\/i>, January 2013.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9471_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u00a0 \u2013 have established the existence of a long-term relationship between pre-colonial political institutions and the different levels of economic development observed in sub-Saharan Africa. Other economist-led research has improved our understanding of phenomena at the crossroads of economics and other social sciences, such as corruption.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is now a fairly broad consensus among development economists around the importance of institutions in the emergence of longstanding trends in economic development. My thesis supervisor, <a href=\"https:\/\/economics.mit.edu\/faculty\/acemoglu\/publication\">Daron Acemoglu<\/a>, has significantly contributed to this research. To study the political economy of developing countries is to attempt to understand the political and institutional mechanisms that hinder the eradication of poverty, the improvement of health and education conditions, good governance, etc. It also sparks imagination about potential solutions.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>H.N. &#8211; You recently studied voter turnout in Kenya. How did you proceed and what conclusions did you reach?<\/h5>\n<div id=\"attachment_9121\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9121\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9121\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/14483736320_b8993a61db_c-300x217.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"217\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/14483736320_b8993a61db_c-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/14483736320_b8993a61db_c-202x146.jpg 202w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/14483736320_b8993a61db_c-50x36.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/14483736320_b8993a61db_c-104x75.jpg 104w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/14483736320_b8993a61db_c.jpg 622w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9121\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kenya Election Posters<br \/>\u00a9 Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung CC BY-SA 2.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B.M. &#8211; This was a project conducted in collaboration with the Electoral Commission of Kenya in 2013, aiming to promote citizen participation in a difficult institutional context. The previous presidential election in 2007 had led to an outburst of interethnic violence in the country, leading Kenya to reform its electoral process and to adopt a new Constitution.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The experiment focused on the evaluation of simple messages transmitted to citizens by SMS, providing basic but essential information on the revamped electoral process. For example, some messages contained simple reminders about the practicalities of the voting process, while others sought to explain in simple words the role of various political functions. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using a randomised evaluation, we were able to show that these messages increased voter turnout&#8211; a promising result in a country where more than 20% of the adult population is illiterate. On the other hand, these messages had another, more unexpected effect: in a survey conducted several months after the election, we observed that citizens who received these messages had lower levels of trust in their electoral institutions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9125\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9125\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9125\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/24856600140_df0598feca_w-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/24856600140_df0598feca_w-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/24856600140_df0598feca_w-220x146.jpg 220w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/24856600140_df0598feca_w-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/24856600140_df0598feca_w-113x75.jpg 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/24856600140_df0598feca_w.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9125\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Election day in Uganda \u2013 18 February 2016. \u00a9 The Commonwealth, CC BY-NC 2.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We explain this result by the fact that the messages increased the salience of the election for voters, while sending potentially ambiguous signals about the transparency and administrative capacity of the Commission. Once confronted with the reality of the election and the logistical difficulties observed on the ground, voters were able to interpret the content of these messages in a different way. Our study therefore highlights the benefits of an information campaign of this type, while showing the importance of the content of the messages: any information about a &#8220;sensitive&#8221; electoral process can give rise to potentially contradictory interpretations, which will affect citizens&#8217; trust in their democratic institutions in the long term.Using a randomised evaluation, we were able to show that these messages had increased voter turnout, which is a major challenge in a country where more than 20% of the adult population is illiterate. On the other hand, these messages had another, more unexpected effect: in a survey conducted several months after the election, we observed that citizens who received these messages had a lower level of trust in their electoral institutions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>You have also studied the relationship of Muslim institutions to society and politics in Indonesia, and have highlighted the importance of land reform in this relationship. How do you explain this?<\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B.M. &#8211; This work was part of a broader research agenda exploring the relationship between the Indonesian state and Islamic organisations since 1945. Indonesia has approximately 225 million Muslim citizens, making it the largest Muslim country in the world.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9127\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9127\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9127\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/307px-Haseki-Huerrem-Sultan-waqf_Jerusalem.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"545\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/307px-Haseki-Huerrem-Sultan-waqf_Jerusalem.png 307w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/307px-Haseki-Huerrem-Sultan-waqf_Jerusalem-154x300.png 154w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/307px-Haseki-Huerrem-Sultan-waqf_Jerusalem-75x146.png 75w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/307px-Haseki-Huerrem-Sultan-waqf_Jerusalem-26x50.png 26w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/307px-Haseki-Huerrem-Sultan-waqf_Jerusalem-39x75.png 39w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9127\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endowment Charter (Waqfiyya) of Haseki H\u00fcrrem Sultan, 16th century \u00a9Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts. Public domain<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this case, the purpose of this first study was to investigate the effects of an agrarian reform initiated by the Indonesian government in 1960, and that ended in resounding failure. This work revealed the decisive role of Islamic institutions in the failure of this reform.\u00a0 We showed that an institution of Islamic law called <i>waqf<\/i> (known in French as <i>biens de mainmorte<\/i> or <i>habous<\/i> in North Africa) allowed large landowners to eschew the redistribution of their farmland. The <i>waqf <\/i>is an original legal status based on a donation made in perpetuity for the purpose of financing a work of public or religious utility. For example, a landowner can endow his land as <i>waqf <\/i>by stipulating that the land will be used to finance an Islamic school. A property benefiting from <i>waqf <\/i>status cannot be subject to expropriation and its purpose cannot be changed after the deed of foundation. This institution has historically played an important &#8211; and probably negative &#8211; role in the economic development of certain regions, particularly in the Ottoman Empire.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under pressure from Islamic organisations, the Indonesian government of the time had accepted the fact that land with <i>waqf <\/i>status could not be subject to the redistribution law. This legal obstacle greatly contributed to the failure of land reform. Indeed, landowners massively transferred their land to <i>waqf<\/i> status to escape redistribution. We show that these transfers led to a strengthening of local Islamic institutions, especially in the educational sphere. A large number of Islamic boarding schools (known in Indonesia as pesantren) are financed by <i>waqfs<\/i>, and many of these institutions play an important role in local political life. We argue that land transfers to <i>waqf <\/i>status in the 1960s had a lasting effect on support for political Islam. Today, Islamist parties (which remain a minority nationwide) garner most votes in the regions that should have been most affected by land redistribution. These regions are also adopting more local laws based on Islamic law (Sharia). Land reform has thus enduringly shaped the trajectory of political Islam in Indonesia, due to the mediating role played by the <i>waqf<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9130\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9130\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9130 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/shutterstock_582152605-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/shutterstock_582152605-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/shutterstock_582152605-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/shutterstock_582152605-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/shutterstock_582152605-112x75.jpg 112w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/shutterstock_582152605.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9130\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We are currently working on a second study that focuses more specifically on the role of Islamic schools. This article shows how Islamic schools have adapted to the growth of public education since the 1970s. We also study the ideological consequences of the competition between public and Islamic schools<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_9471_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_9471_1('footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9471_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27073\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Islam and the State: Religious Education in the Age of Mass Schooling,<\/a> Benjamin Marx, Samuel Bazzi and Masyhur Hilmy, <em>NBER Working Paper<\/em>, May 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_9471_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>..<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>You have also studied corruption phenomena related to obtaining housing in slums and the issue of slums in general. What have you learned about this topic?<\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B.M. -My colleagues and I learned a lot over the course of this project. I&#8217;ll give you two examples.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First, the fact that slums in developing countries are not areas of lawlessness, as they are often described. Slums have a complex system of informal regulations and a dynamic housing market. In Kibera, Nairobi&#8217;s largest slum and one of the largest slums in Africa, 92% of residents pay a monthly rent. This market is dominated by powerful local political actors who have the power to intercede on behalf of landlords or tenants in conflicts over land use.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9132\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9132\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9132 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/1558966131_958c91d189_w-300x291.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/1558966131_958c91d189_w-300x291.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/1558966131_958c91d189_w-151x146.jpg 151w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/1558966131_958c91d189_w-50x50.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/1558966131_958c91d189_w-77x75.jpg 77w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/1558966131_958c91d189_w.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9132\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kibera Electronics \u00a9 neajjean, CC BY-SA 2.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another key takeaway is that the fundamental question raised by slums is the question of social mobility. Is life in the slums a stepping stone towards a better life, integrated in the metropolis, with greater access to public services and better jobs? Or, conversely, do slums create conditions for &#8220;poverty traps&#8221; to emerge, with residents remaining prisoners of their precarious living conditions from one generation to the next?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paradoxically, most economists have a very optimistic view of slums: since living standards are generally much higher in urban areas, many people think that slums are a springboard for rural-urban migrants, who get closer to the opportunities offered by the city. However our understanding of these mechanisms is relatively limited in practice. Few long-term longitudinal studies have been carried out to understand whether there is real mobility from the slums to the urban middle classes and the formal sector. In our study of Kibera, we show that half of the residents live in the slum for more than eight years. This may lead to a less optimistic perspective on the phenomenon. To answer these questions, we will need to continue to follow the families who responded to our survey in 2012-13, in order to better understand whether the social mobility of residents of slums such as Kibera is a myth or a reality.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>Can your research findings give rise to exchanges with politicians and\/or citizens in the studied fields, particularly to consider solutions?<\/h5>\n<div id=\"attachment_9134\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9134\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9134 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/Screenshot_2020-06-02-Toutes-les-tailles-Uganda-elections-2016-Flickr-partage-de-photos--300x180.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/Screenshot_2020-06-02-Toutes-les-tailles-Uganda-elections-2016-Flickr-partage-de-photos--300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/Screenshot_2020-06-02-Toutes-les-tailles-Uganda-elections-2016-Flickr-partage-de-photos--244x146.png 244w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/Screenshot_2020-06-02-Toutes-les-tailles-Uganda-elections-2016-Flickr-partage-de-photos--50x30.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/Screenshot_2020-06-02-Toutes-les-tailles-Uganda-elections-2016-Flickr-partage-de-photos--125x75.png 125w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/05\/Screenshot_2020-06-02-Toutes-les-tailles-Uganda-elections-2016-Flickr-partage-de-photos-.png 498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9134\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Uganda : elections 2016 \u00a9 with courtesy of Pascale C. France. All rights reserved<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B.M. &#8211; Of course! All this research aims to help governments, civil society, and citizens to better understand how to improve the governance and transparency of their institutions, how to promote political participation, and so on. Several of the aforementioned studies were carried out in partnership with local actors. For example, the study conducted in Uganda aimed to assess the impact of an information campaign on vote buying conducted by 13 local civil society organisations . This coalition of NGOs had contacted us in 2015 to implement a randomised evaluation of their operations. The study in Kenya was also a collaboration with the government, as I mentioned earlier.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, I have been working for several months on the implementation of a project on decentralisation with the government of Indonesia and the World Bank. The purpose of this study is to enable Indonesian villages to better spend the funds they receive from the central government (which have been growing sharply since 2014) by improving village governance villages. It also aims to train municipalities on issues of local democracy and accountability. This project will allow us to apply what we have learned from other recent studies on decentralisation in Indonesia and other emerging countries. These countries are often ahead of us in terms of evaluation policies: in Indonesia, but also in India, South Africa, and Brazil (until recently) there is a real interest in collaborations between governments and researchers to evaluate and better understand the effects of a program or public policy.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Interview by H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Naudet, office of the VP for Research<br \/>\nTranslated by Carolyn Avery<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/bmarx\/home\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Benjamin Marx<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at Sciences Po. His research focuses on the political economy of developing countries. In particular, he studies issues related to institutions, governance and electoral behavior.\r\n<\/span><\/pre>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_9471_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_9471_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_9471_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_9471_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9471_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/open?id=1wHAtEFe54lT5JBqG0fDXVbwvt0Md6q7l\">Eat Widely, Vote Wisely? Lessons from a Campaign Against Vote Buying in Uganda<\/a> Benjamin Marx, Chris Blattman, Horacio Larreguy and Otis Reid, <em>NBER Working Paper<\/em>, September 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9471_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1bm5baavqBOkEjiIfpfDTBzADvwCL6A9s\/view\">The Institutional Foundations of Religious Politics: Evidence from Indonesia<\/a>, Benjamin Marx, Samuel Bazzi and Gabriel Koehler-Derrick, <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/i>, May 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9471_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Stelios Michalopoulos and Elias Papaioannou,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4118452\/\"> Pre-colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African Development<\/a>, <i>Econometrica<\/i>, January 2013.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_9471_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_9471_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_9471_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27073\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Islam and the State: Religious Education in the Age of Mass Schooling,<\/a> Benjamin Marx, Samuel Bazzi and Masyhur Hilmy, <em>NBER Working Paper<\/em>, May 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_9471_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_9471_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_9471_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_9471_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_9471_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_9471_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_9471_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_9471_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_9471_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_9471_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_9471_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_9471_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_9471_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_9471_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Better understanding the state of political systems \u2013 particularly in developing countries \u2013 via methods used by economists does not appear to be commonplace. However,<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9118,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,261],"tags":[78,121],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9471\/?lang=en"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/?lang=en"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/?lang=en"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3\/?lang=en"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?lang=en&post=9471"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9471\/revisions\/?lang=en"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9760,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9471\/revisions\/9760\/?lang=en"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9118\/?lang=en"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?lang=en&parent=9471"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?lang=en&post=9471"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?lang=en&post=9471"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}