{"id":8888,"date":"2020-05-18T09:30:39","date_gmt":"2020-05-18T07:30:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/separations-conjugales-et-non-emancipation-des-femmes\/"},"modified":"2021-07-01T14:51:46","modified_gmt":"2021-07-01T12:51:46","slug":"marital-separations-and-the-non-emancipation-of-women","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/marital-separations-and-the-non-emancipation-of-women\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Marital Separations and the (Non-) Emancipation of Women"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>by \u00c9milie Biland-Curinier, CSO *<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The women mobilised in the Yellow Vest movement rightly denounced the fact that many single mothers face major financial difficulties on a daily basis while raising their children. Yet women originate separation and divorce proceedings more often than men. The high rate of marital breakups provides evidence of their appropriation of this individual right in a relatively recent context of legal equality with men. However, this major social change has not led to the equalization of conditions nor to the disruption of the gender order. Here is a look back at a key victory for women that is still far from enabling their emancipation.<\/p>\n<h4>The right to divorce is a key victory for women<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_8890\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8890\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-8890 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/9273927259_bea053fc13_c-300x203.jpg\" alt=\"\u00a9 Gwydion M Williams. CC BY 2.0\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/9273927259_bea053fc13_c-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/9273927259_bea053fc13_c-216x146.jpg 216w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/9273927259_bea053fc13_c-50x34.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/9273927259_bea053fc13_c-111x75.jpg 111w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/9273927259_bea053fc13_c.jpg 631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8890\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Gwydion M Williams. CC BY 2.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In the second half of the 19th century, as in the 1960s and 1970s, reforms authorising and then facilitating divorce took place during periods of strong feminist mobilisation<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"auteur\">Mich\u00e8le Riot-Sarcey, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/histoire-du-feminisme--9782707186300.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Histoire du f\u00e9minisme<\/em><\/a>, <span class=\"auteur\">La D\u00e9couverte, 2015<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Marriage was a patriarchal institution par excellence, and divorce, a means \u2013 albeit a regularly condemned one \u2013 of escaping the minorisation of women, which was enshrined in the Civil Code from 1804 until the mid-20th century. When divorce by mutual consent was instituted in France in 1975, it had been only ten years since married women had been able to open a bank account, sign an employment contract, and manage their personal property without their husbands\u2019 consent. They had only gained parental authority over their children \u2013 previously reserved for &#8220;family heads &#8221; \u2013 in 1970. In this sense, the right to divorce was part of a long movement towards equal rights between women and men and the recognition of individual rights in the private sphere.<\/p>\n<p>Divorces started increasing in the mid-1960s, with the increase accelerating in the mid-1970s and continuing for thirty years<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/2121566\">123 500 divorces en 2014. Des divorces en l\u00e9g\u00e8re baisse depuis 2010<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2016<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The increase roughly matched that of the share of women in the labor market: at the beginning of the 1960s, 40% of women between the ages of 30 and 50 were part of the labor force, versus 80% today<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1559961\">Forte hausse du taux d&#8217;activit\u00e9 des femmes en 50 ans<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2013<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The principle of equal pay for male and female workers was enshrined in the Labor Code in 1972, reflecting the legal equality of spouses established seven years earlier. Changes in the labor market and private sphere thus combined to give women greater autonomy. In concrete terms, it is because they work outside the home that many women dare to break up with their spouses. Conversely, separation forces the women who interrupted their career to care for their children and support their husbands&#8217; careers, to get a job.<\/p>\n<h4>Living with a man and having children always weaken the status of women<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_8895\" style=\"width: 222px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8895\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8895\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/A_Bulgarian_poster_urging_open_your_eyes_-_against_women_being_abused-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"212\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/A_Bulgarian_poster_urging_open_your_eyes_-_against_women_being_abused-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/A_Bulgarian_poster_urging_open_your_eyes_-_against_women_being_abused-103x146.jpg 103w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/A_Bulgarian_poster_urging_open_your_eyes_-_against_women_being_abused-35x50.jpg 35w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/A_Bulgarian_poster_urging_open_your_eyes_-_against_women_being_abused-53x75.jpg 53w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/A_Bulgarian_poster_urging_open_your_eyes_-_against_women_being_abused.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8895\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bulgarian poster &#8211; Open Your Eyes: A campaign against gender violence. \u00a9 Denitza Tchacarova \/ CC BY-SA<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Today, the option of separation is crucial, if not vital, for some women. Heterosexual marriage remains marked by systemic violence. The survey on &#8220;Violence and gender relations&#8221;, conducted by the National Institute of Demographic Studies, estimated that 285 000 women were victims of physical and\/or sexual assaults by their (ex-)partners in 2015e<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ined.fr\/fr\/publications\/editions\/document-travail\/enquete-virage-premiers-resultats-violences-sexuelles\/\"><em>Enqu\u00eate Virage et premiers r\u00e9sultats sur les violences sexuelles &#8211; Documents de travail<\/em><\/a>, &#8211; Ined \u00e9ditions, 2017<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Three years later, the Ministry of the Interior recorded 149 &#8220;domestic violence deaths&#8221;: men committed 80% of these homicides, while half of the female perpetrators had already been victims of spousal violence<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.interieur.gouv.fr\/fr\/Actualites\/Communiques\/Etude-nationale-relative-aux-morts-violentes-au-sein-du-couple\">\u00c9tude nationale relative aux morts violentes au sein du couple<\/a><\/em>, Minist\u00e8re de l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Beyond the violence, the 3,000 court files that I reviewed with other members of the <a href=\"http:\/\/justines.cnrs.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Justines<\/a> research team show that women are twice as likely as men to initiate separation proceedings initiated by only one of the spouses. Sociologist Fran\u00e7ois de Singly explains that this discrepancy is attributable to many women\u2019s dissatisfaction with their conjugal life. The women most dedicated to their homes object to their &#8220;marital confinement&#8221;, as opposed to their spouse\u2019s autonomy. Others see marital life as an obstacle to their personal development, while a third group of women, in between these two camps, find that their aspirations gradually diverge from those of their partners. In all cases, de Singly argues that these women&#8217;s stories carry a &#8220;hymn to liberation&#8221;, and that separation is experienced as &#8220;regaining oneself&#8221;. Anne Revillard has shown that state feminists, be they elected officials or senior civil servants, have supported declining financial solidarity between former spouses (child support, spouse alimony) in the name of the recovered independence thanks to the separation. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/when-the-state-champions-the-cause-of-women-a-historical-perspective\/?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">When the state champions the cause of women. A historical perspective<\/a>, Cogito, 2017<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8634\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8634\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8634\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/laundry-413688_640-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/laundry-413688_640-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/laundry-413688_640-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/laundry-413688_640-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/laundry-413688_640-113x75.jpg 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/laundry-413688_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8634\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cr\u00e9dits image : Ryan McGuire , Pixabay<\/p><\/div>\n<p>This underinvestment in the economic implications of separations is, however, problematic given the structural inequalities between women and men<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1303232?sommaire=1303240\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le temps domestique et parental des hommes et des femmes : quels facteurs d&#8217;\u00e9volutions en 25 ans ?<\/a><em> \u2212 \u00c9conomie et Statistique<\/em>, <em>Insee, 2015<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Beginning in the 1970s, materialist feminist sociology highlighted the exploitation of women by men in marriage via domestic work, which is both unpaid and invisible. Women spend three hours a day on domestic work, versus two hours for men.<\/p>\n<p>Being a mother continues to hold back careers, while fatherhood is an accelerator<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3716874\">Entreprises, enfants : quels r\u00f4les dans les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s salariales entre femmes et hommes<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Ending a marriage may well reflect the often-disappointed aspiration for equality between intimate partners revealing a divergence in female and male conditions due to the gendered division of professional and domestic work.<\/p>\n<h4>Separations do not free people from gender inequalities<\/h4>\n<p>Therefore, ending marriages has not, any more than entering marriages, changed gender relations. As sociologist Christine Delphy highlighted in 1974, &#8220;some aspects of the state of marriage (&#8230;) are perpetuated in the state of divorce,&#8221; with &#8220;differential obligations for husband and wife&#8221; continuing beyond life together. If women&#8217;s emancipation is defined as their ability to free themselves from the servitudes associated with their gender \u2013 among which violence and economic disadvantage rank first \u2013 or from gender roles (starting with motherhood), then the current regulation of marital separation falls very short.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8893\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8893\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8893\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2-146x146.jpg 146w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2-50x50.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2-75x75.jpg 75w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2-85x85.jpg 85w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/04\/vaw-2.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8893\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">1 in 3 women worldwide have experienced physical and\/or sexual violence, mostly by an intimate partner &#8211; WHO<\/p><\/div>\n<p>First, separation does not always suffice to end intimate partner violence. The rejection of separation is a recurring motive for men who kill their spouse<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.interieur.gouv.fr\/fr\/Actualites\/Communiques\/Etude-nationale-relative-aux-morts-violentes-au-sein-du-couple\">\u00c9tude nationale relative aux morts violentes au sein du couple<\/a>, <em>Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur, 2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Since the 2000s, in response to feminist demands, several measures have been implemented to keep violent spouses away. However, judges are reluctant to use them, as shown in research from Solenne Jouanneau and her team on protection orders<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gip-recherche-justice.fr\/publication\/vioco-provic-violences-conjugales-et-protection-des-victimes-usages-et-condition-dapplication-dans-les-tribunaux-francais-des-mesures-judiciaires-de-protection-des-victimes-de-violence-au-sein-du\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.gip-recherche-justice.fr\/publication\/vioco-provic-violences-conjugales-et-protection-des-victimes-usages-et-condition-dapplication-dans-les-tribunaux-francais-des-mesures-judiciaires-de-protection-des-victimes-de-violence-au-sein-du\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1588689472874000&amp;usg=AFQjCNH6zsg7i9lU5sp_WLmojwzSHI-OkA\">Violences conjugales et Protection des victimes. Usages et condition d&#8217;application dans les tribunaux fran\u00e7ais des mesures judiciaires de protection des victimes de violences au sein du couple<\/a><\/u>, <em>Mission de recherche Droit et Justice, 2017-2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Meanwhile, in her study on police work addressing charges between intimate partners, Marine Delaunay found that women are frequently suspected of using violence to gain custody of children \u2013 a suspicion that hinders criminal prosecution<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gip-recherche-justice.fr\/publication\/vioco-provic-violences-conjugales-et-protection-des-victimes-usages-et-condition-dapplication-dans-les-tribunaux-francais-des-mesures-judiciaires-de-protection-des-victimes-de-violence-au-sein-du\/\">Violences conjugales et Protection des victimes. Usages et condition d&#8217;application dans les tribunaux fran\u00e7ais des mesures judiciaires de protection des victimes de violences au sein du couple<\/a>, <em>Mission de recherche Droits et Justice, 2017-2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Second, women become poorer than men after separations. According to tax data, divorce leads to a 19% average loss of standard of living, compared to a 2.5% loss for men<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1283568\">Les conditions de vie des enfants apr\u00e8s le divorce<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2015<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Here again, public authorities have taken action. Since the 1970s, single-parent families (84% of which consist of a woman and her child or children) have been among the priority recipients of public redistribution<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3676599?sommaire=3696937\">M\u00e9nages &#8211; Familles \u2212 Tableaux de l&#8217;\u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Before redistribution, the poverty rate for women raising two children alone is 60%. It falls to 40% after redistribution<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr\/IMG\/pdf\/3-15.pdf\">Les effets des transferts sociaux et fiscaux sur la pauvret\u00e9 mon\u00e9taire<\/a>, <em>DREES, 2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. But this &#8220;partial transformation of private patriarchy into public patriarchy&#8221; \u2013 in the words of the philosopher Diane Lamoureux \u2013 is based on a regime of assistance and protection. It places women in the position of claimants, rather than people with autonomous rights. It leads administrations to monitor their intimate lives (are they back in a relationship?) and to supervise their parenting practices through &#8220;support for parenthood&#8221; measures, in addition to older forms of intervention, through social work and juvenile justice.<\/p>\n<h4>An unaware justice system<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_8639\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8639\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-8639 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Au_palais_dinjustice_P\u00e8re_Peinard-300x164.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Au_palais_dinjustice_P\u00e8re_Peinard-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Au_palais_dinjustice_P\u00e8re_Peinard.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Au_palais_dinjustice_P\u00e8re_Peinard-260x142.jpg 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Au_palais_dinjustice_P\u00e8re_Peinard-50x27.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Au_palais_dinjustice_P\u00e8re_Peinard-137x75.jpg 137w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8639\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;At the Palace of Injustice&#8221;, vignette extracted from the French Magaine &#8220;P\u00e8re Peinard&#8221;, 1894, public domain<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Marital separation professionals, starting with judges, lawyers, and notaries, are actually relatively unaware of these unequal dynamics. They pay little attention to child support payments, and only minimally consider women&#8217;s career sacrifices. Moreover, matrimonial law remains blind to the rights of the increasingly large number of unmarried spouses. As sociologists C\u00e9line Bessi\u00e8re and Sibylle Gollac underscore, these lawyers partake in &#8220;sexist accounting&#8221; that disadvantages women and leads to significant wealth inequalities. Moreover, by favoring an amicable and peaceful settlement of separations, current policies overlook marital asymmetries and power relations. The lack of time and resources in the courts is conducive to maintaining the status quo and, thereby the perpetuation of the gendered division of labor forged during life together. The delegation of a portion of family cases to lawyers also risks weakening the position of women. Since they are financially less well off, women find it more difficult to hire the lawyers who have the greatest expertise in these issues.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8648\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8648\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8648\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/33173096842_46712e5c55_w-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Manifestation le 8 mars 2017 Paris. Cr\u00e9dits image : Jeanne Menjoulet CC BY-ND 2.0\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/33173096842_46712e5c55_w-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/33173096842_46712e5c55_w-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/33173096842_46712e5c55_w-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/33173096842_46712e5c55_w-112x75.jpg 112w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/33173096842_46712e5c55_w.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8648\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Manifestation le 8 mars 2017 Paris. Cr\u00e9dits image : Jeanne Menjoulet. CC BY-ND 2.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Marital separations thus fall far short of ending gender-based statutory and identity attributions. In most cases, the mother takes care of the children on a daily basis, while the father takes care of them episodically and contributes financially by paying alimony<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8888_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.justice.gouv.fr\/art_pix\/stat_Infostat%20132%20def.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Les d\u00e9cisions des juges concernant les enfants de parents s\u00e9par\u00e9s ont fortement \u00e9volu\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es 2000<\/a>, <em>Minist\u00e8re de la justice, 2015<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8888_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The hierarchical dualism between men and women is thus confirmed and even amplified in the aftermath of a breakup. Of course, the norm of &#8220;co-parenting&#8221;, which is highly prevalent in professional and public discourse, values the involvement of both parents with their children. But in the working classes, the precariousness of the labor market and the cost of housing reinforce the division of parental roles. These blue-collar male workers, who often have temporary or fixed-term contracts, staggered working hours, or are unemployed, are less able to assume their parental role and receive less support from legal professionals. In the middle and upper classes, shared physical custody is more common, but differences in paternal and maternal obligations remain: fathers are encouraged (but not required) to look after their children; mothers must grant the father a role if he asks for one, but must continue to mostly if not completely shoulder responsibility themselves if he does not.<a href=\"http:\/\/catalogue-editions.ens-lyon.fr\/fr\/livre\/?GCOI=29021100500480\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8651 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/29021100500480L-196x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"196\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/29021100500480L-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/29021100500480L-95x146.jpg 95w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/29021100500480L-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/29021100500480L-49x75.jpg 49w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/29021100500480L.jpg 652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 196px) 100vw, 196px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This is the conclusion of my book <a href=\"http:\/\/catalogue-editions.ens-lyon.fr\/fr\/livre\/?GCOI=29021100500480\">Gouverner la vie priv\u00e9e<\/a> [Governing Intimacy in France and Quebec. How Judicial Policies Shape Inequalities after Divorce], which compares the institutional production of family inequalities in France and Canada. In marital separations, as in many other areas, individual freedoms and equal rights are necessary but insufficient conditions to meeting individual and collective aspirations. If inequalities of status are not truly challenged, and if intimate relationships and parental roles are not deeply transformed, this emancipatory drive will remain unfinished for a long time.<\/p>\n<pre>Sociologist and political scientist <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cso.edu\/cv_equipe.asp?per_id=280\">Emilie Biland-Curiner<\/a> is a full professor at the Center for the Sociology of Organisations. She studies how law and public policy shape individuals\u2019 private life (through parental roles) and professional life (in the civil service), and how they help differentiate and hierarchise social statuses according to class, gender, sexuality, and race. She is a member of the Institut Universitaire de France and is currently working on LGBTQ parents\u2019 experiences of law, rights and courts in France, Canada, and Chile.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/auteur\/2441\/6iskku3kh87vro7d8t90k2v2q\">See her publications.<\/a><\/pre>\n<p><b><div class=\"idea_box\"><div class=\"icon\"><i class=\"icon-lamp\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"desc\"> For more<br \/>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00e9line Bessi\u00e8re et Sibylle Gollac &#8211; <i><a href=\"https:\/\/editionsladecouverte.fr\/catalogue\/index-Le_genre_du_capital-9782348044380.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le genre du capital. Comment la famille reproduit les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s<\/a>, <\/i>La D\u00e9couverte, 2020<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9milie Biland &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/enseditions\/13626?lang=fr\"><i>Gouverner la vie priv\u00e9e. L\u2019encadrement in\u00e9galitaire des s\u00e9parations conjugales en France et au Qu\u00e9bec<\/i><\/a>, ENS-Editions , 2019<\/li>\n<li>Marine Delaunay &#8211; &#8220;Les violences entre partenaires intimes : de l\u2019indignation politique et morale aux pratiques routini\u00e8res des institutions p\u00e9nales. Une comparaison entre la France et la Su\u00e8de&#8221;, th\u00e8se de doctorat, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, 2019<\/li>\n<li>Christine Delphy &#8211; <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.syllepse.net\/l-ennemi-principal-_r_62_i_584.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">L\u2019ennemi principal. 1. \u00c9conomie politique du patriarcat<\/a><\/i>, Syllepse, 2013.<\/li>\n<li>Diane Lamoureux &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.editions-rm.ca\/livres\/les-possibles-du-feminisme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>Les possibles du f\u00e9minisme. Agir sans &#8220;nous&#8221;<\/i><\/a>, Remue-M\u00e9nage, 2016<\/li>\n<li>Anne Revillard, &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-l-annee-sociologique-2009-2-page-345.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le droit de la famille : outil d&#8217;une justice de genre ? Les d\u00e9fenseurs de la cause des femmes face au r\u00e8glement juridique des cons\u00e9quences financi\u00e8res du divorce en France et au Qu\u00e9bec (1975-2000)<\/a>&#8220;, <i>L\u2019Ann\u00e9e sociologique<\/i>, 2009<\/li>\n<li>Fran\u00e7ois de Singly &#8211; &#8220;<i>S\u00e9par\u00e9e. Vivre l&#8217;exp\u00e9rience de la rupture&#8221;<\/i>, Armand Colin, 2011<\/li>\n<li>Solenne Jouanneau (dir.) &#8211; <u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gip-recherche-justice.fr\/publication\/vioco-provic-violences-conjugales-et-protection-des-victimes-usages-et-condition-dapplication-dans-les-tribunaux-francais-des-mesures-judiciaires-de-protection-des-victimes-de-violence-au-sein-du\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.gip-recherche-justice.fr\/publication\/vioco-provic-violences-conjugales-et-protection-des-victimes-usages-et-condition-dapplication-dans-les-tribunaux-francais-des-mesures-judiciaires-de-protection-des-victimes-de-violence-au-sein-du\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1588680792134000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHrEjHfqWTvhj1A_lKkgIl0FDhahg\">Violences conjugales et Protection des victimes. Usages et condition d&#8217;application dans les tribunaux fran\u00e7ais des mesures judiciaires de protection des victimes de violences au sein du couple<\/a><\/u>, <em>Mission de recherche Droit et Justice, 2017-201<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><\/div><\/div>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Translated from French by Carolyn Avery<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_8888_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_8888_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_8888_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_8888_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><span class=\"auteur\">Mich\u00e8le Riot-Sarcey, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/histoire-du-feminisme--9782707186300.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Histoire du f\u00e9minisme<\/em><\/a>, <span class=\"auteur\">La D\u00e9couverte, 2015<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/2121566\">123 500 divorces en 2014. Des divorces en l\u00e9g\u00e8re baisse depuis 2010<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2016<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1559961\">Forte hausse du taux d&#8217;activit\u00e9 des femmes en 50 ans<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2013<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ined.fr\/fr\/publications\/editions\/document-travail\/enquete-virage-premiers-resultats-violences-sexuelles\/\"><em>Enqu\u00eate Virage et premiers r\u00e9sultats sur les violences sexuelles &#8211; Documents de travail<\/em><\/a>, &#8211; Ined \u00e9ditions, 2017<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.interieur.gouv.fr\/fr\/Actualites\/Communiques\/Etude-nationale-relative-aux-morts-violentes-au-sein-du-couple\">\u00c9tude nationale relative aux morts violentes au sein du couple<\/a><\/em>, Minist\u00e8re de l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/when-the-state-champions-the-cause-of-women-a-historical-perspective\/?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">When the state champions the cause of women. A historical perspective<\/a>, Cogito, 2017<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1303232?sommaire=1303240\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le temps domestique et parental des hommes et des femmes : quels facteurs d&#8217;\u00e9volutions en 25 ans ?<\/a><em> \u2212 \u00c9conomie et Statistique<\/em>, <em>Insee, 2015<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3716874\">Entreprises, enfants : quels r\u00f4les dans les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s salariales entre femmes et hommes<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2019<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.interieur.gouv.fr\/fr\/Actualites\/Communiques\/Etude-nationale-relative-aux-morts-violentes-au-sein-du-couple\">\u00c9tude nationale relative aux morts violentes au sein du couple<\/a>, <em>Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur, 2019<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gip-recherche-justice.fr\/publication\/vioco-provic-violences-conjugales-et-protection-des-victimes-usages-et-condition-dapplication-dans-les-tribunaux-francais-des-mesures-judiciaires-de-protection-des-victimes-de-violence-au-sein-du\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.gip-recherche-justice.fr\/publication\/vioco-provic-violences-conjugales-et-protection-des-victimes-usages-et-condition-dapplication-dans-les-tribunaux-francais-des-mesures-judiciaires-de-protection-des-victimes-de-violence-au-sein-du\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1588689472874000&amp;usg=AFQjCNH6zsg7i9lU5sp_WLmojwzSHI-OkA\">Violences conjugales et Protection des victimes. Usages et condition d&#8217;application dans les tribunaux fran\u00e7ais des mesures judiciaires de protection des victimes de violences au sein du couple<\/a><\/u>, <em>Mission de recherche Droit et Justice, 2017-2019<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gip-recherche-justice.fr\/publication\/vioco-provic-violences-conjugales-et-protection-des-victimes-usages-et-condition-dapplication-dans-les-tribunaux-francais-des-mesures-judiciaires-de-protection-des-victimes-de-violence-au-sein-du\/\">Violences conjugales et Protection des victimes. Usages et condition d&#8217;application dans les tribunaux fran\u00e7ais des mesures judiciaires de protection des victimes de violences au sein du couple<\/a>, <em>Mission de recherche Droits et Justice, 2017-2019<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1283568\">Les conditions de vie des enfants apr\u00e8s le divorce<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2015<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/3676599?sommaire=3696937\">M\u00e9nages &#8211; Familles \u2212 Tableaux de l&#8217;\u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise<\/a>, <em>Insee, 2019<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr\/IMG\/pdf\/3-15.pdf\">Les effets des transferts sociaux et fiscaux sur la pauvret\u00e9 mon\u00e9taire<\/a>, <em>DREES, 2019<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8888_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8888_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8888_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.justice.gouv.fr\/art_pix\/stat_Infostat%20132%20def.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Les d\u00e9cisions des juges concernant les enfants de parents s\u00e9par\u00e9s ont fortement \u00e9volu\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es 2000<\/a>, <em>Minist\u00e8re de la justice, 2015<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_8888_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_8888_1').show(); 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