{"id":8829,"date":"2020-05-18T10:30:38","date_gmt":"2020-05-18T08:30:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=8829"},"modified":"2020-05-18T12:50:20","modified_gmt":"2020-05-18T10:50:20","slug":"competing-perspectives-on-climate-change-and-gender","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/competing-perspectives-on-climate-change-and-gender\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Competing Perspectives on Climate Change and Gender"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by Helena Alviar Garcia, Law School*<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8705\" style=\"width: 235px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8705\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8705\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3088937987_57cf103212_c-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3088937987_57cf103212_c-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3088937987_57cf103212_c-110x146.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3088937987_57cf103212_c-38x50.jpg 38w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3088937987_57cf103212_c-56x75.jpg 56w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3088937987_57cf103212_c.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">International Day of Climate Action, dec. 208, Lima<br \/>Cr\u00e9dit image : 350 .org, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do environmental depredation and climate change affect women differently from men? This question has been asked by feminists and policy makers for at least half of a century and various schools of thought on this issue have emerged. These schools of thought are differentiated by economic vision and the role that women play in the economy as well as society at large. In the past decade, the link between women\u2019s emancipation and the environment has been growing in importance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Women and sustainable development: laying the groundwork<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understanding the relationship between women and sustainable economic development dates back to the early 1970\u2019s with Esther Boserup\u2019s groundbreaking work, \u201cWoman\u2019s Role in Economic Development\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8829_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8829_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8829_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8829_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8829_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8829_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ester Boserup, Women&#8217;s Role in Economic Development, 1970<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8829_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8829_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, Ester Boserup &#8211; a danish economist &#8211; explored the gendered division of labor in agriculture as well as women\u2019s centrality in subsistence production. As stewards of the land, women are often in charge of planting household crops like rice, plantain, corn, and others, they are more attuned to changes in climate that result in droughts or flooding. Boserup argued that they have to learn how to work with nature and are more sensitive to issues of environmental protection.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8709\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8709\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8709\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/woman-picking-fruits-under-gray-sky-2153824-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/woman-picking-fruits-under-gray-sky-2153824-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/woman-picking-fruits-under-gray-sky-2153824-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/woman-picking-fruits-under-gray-sky-2153824-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/woman-picking-fruits-under-gray-sky-2153824-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/woman-picking-fruits-under-gray-sky-2153824-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/woman-picking-fruits-under-gray-sky-2153824-113x75.jpg 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8709\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span lang=\"en\">Harvest tea<\/span>. Cr\u00e9dit image : Quang Nguyen Vinh, photo libre de droits<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recent research argues that climate change will disproportionately affect the economically disenfranchised of the Global South. This is due to the geographical zones of these economies, the urban neighborhoods that its poorest citizens inhabit, and the nature of their livelihoods. In addition to having low incomes, these citizens have almost no savings, and lack insurance. What\u2019s more, their countries lack a strong welfare state that can bolster them during an environmental disaster. Women still remain particularly vulnerable. In the case of floods, for example, women\u2019s safety is at a greater risk because many are not taught to swim even though they spend much of their time fishing or fetching water. <\/span><\/p>\n<h4>What can be done?<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Academics and policy makers have different views on both the extent of the problem and the means to solve it. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>Liberal feminists point to a lack of women\u2019s representation in decision-making roles in the sectors of energy, sustainable agriculture production, and food security. They believe women should have more access to land ownership as well as priority technical and financial assistance.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-8711 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/5059652210_951dcbd2f1_w-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Manifestation en Espagne. Cr\u00e9dit image : Renaat, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/5059652210_951dcbd2f1_w-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/5059652210_951dcbd2f1_w-195x146.jpg 195w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/5059652210_951dcbd2f1_w-50x38.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/5059652210_951dcbd2f1_w-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/5059652210_951dcbd2f1_w.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Material feminists &#8211; who denounce the exploitation of women by the patriarchal system &#8211; seek to dismantle the sentimental narrative of the relationship between women and nature. But they critique the sexual division of labor that has marginalized women to being only subsistence producers or natural resource managers with scant access to property. They posit that women\u2019s role as caretakers makes their work less visible.<\/p>\n<p>Material feminists believe that in order for women to free themselves from the cycle of poverty, the state needs to support their reproductive work while raising social awareness on the importance of subsistence farming, promoting practices that protect the environment.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, a third feminist trend known as cultural feminism critique the framing of the problem as one of equality and representation and the invisibility of reproductive work. Rather they posit that economic systems should be redefined to incorporate an alternative, feminine view. Cultural feminists believe in shifting the emphasis away from growth towards a worldview that prizes interconnectedness and nurture:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8718\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8718\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8718\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Screenshot_2020-04-25-photo-1501663035881-6e908b896401-Image-WEBP-752-\u00d7-500-pixels-300x199.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Screenshot_2020-04-25-photo-1501663035881-6e908b896401-Image-WEBP-752-\u00d7-500-pixels-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Screenshot_2020-04-25-photo-1501663035881-6e908b896401-Image-WEBP-752-\u00d7-500-pixels-220x146.png 220w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Screenshot_2020-04-25-photo-1501663035881-6e908b896401-Image-WEBP-752-\u00d7-500-pixels-50x33.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Screenshot_2020-04-25-photo-1501663035881-6e908b896401-Image-WEBP-752-\u00d7-500-pixels-113x75.png 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Screenshot_2020-04-25-photo-1501663035881-6e908b896401-Image-WEBP-752-\u00d7-500-pixels.png 752w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8718\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cueillette au Sri Lanka. Cr\u00e9dits photo : Anton Mishin<\/p><\/div>\n<p>At the heart of the twentieth century economics is the portrait of rational economic actors who are self-interested, isolated, calculating, fixed in taste and dominant over nature. This portrait has shaped who we have become for a certain time. But as Kate Raworth put it<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8829_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8829_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8829_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8829_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8829_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8829_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kate Raworth &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguin.co.uk\/books\/110\/1107761\/doughnut-economics\/9781847941398.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st Century Economist<\/a>, Random House 2017<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8829_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8829_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, &#8220;human nature is far richer than this, as early sketches of our new self-portrait reveal: we are social, interdependent, approximating, fluid in values and dependent on <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the living world.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8714\" style=\"width: 222px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/colombia.unwomen.org\/es\/biblioteca\/publicaciones\/2019\/12\/mujeres-que-cuidan-la-naturaleza#view\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8714\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/mujeres-que-cuidan-la-naturaleza-212x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"212\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/mujeres-que-cuidan-la-naturaleza-212x300.png 212w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/mujeres-que-cuidan-la-naturaleza-103x146.png 103w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/mujeres-que-cuidan-la-naturaleza-35x50.png 35w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/mujeres-que-cuidan-la-naturaleza-53x75.png 53w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/mujeres-que-cuidan-la-naturaleza.png 643w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8714\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cr\u00e9dit : ONU Mujeres, ONU Medio Ambiente y Fundaci\u00f3n Natura<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In my previous research, I have analyzed how the debate surrounding the role of women in sustainable development has played out in Colombia. I have paid particular attention to current discussions of equality in farmer\u2019s access to resources as well as legal action that seeks to provide reparations for victims of the ongoing civil conflict. There have been several laws specifically addressing the relationship between women and sustainable development in the country. Most of these policies are informed by a liberal feminist worldview as they focus on equal access to agricultural development, including land titling, credit, and education. Aside from progressive measures that seek to provide women with aid money and reparations, my conclusion is that gender sensitive legislation makes sustainability unachievable. This is due to women\u2019s limited ownership of rural lands and high reproductive work burden, coupled with economic development plans that privilege agribusiness over subsistence farming<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8829_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8829_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8829_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8829_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8829_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8829_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Garc\u00eda, Helena Alviar \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44175843?seq=1\">Searching for women and sustainable development in Colombia: Restructuring the limits<\/a>\u201d. In <i>Fordham Environmental Law Review<\/i>, 2012<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8829_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8829_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0A bigger challenge but more opportunities?<\/b><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8716\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8716\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8716\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10533396535_1506ccc3ed_w-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10533396535_1506ccc3ed_w-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10533396535_1506ccc3ed_w-220x146.jpg 220w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10533396535_1506ccc3ed_w-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10533396535_1506ccc3ed_w-113x75.jpg 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10533396535_1506ccc3ed_w.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8716\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inondations en Inde octobre 2013. Cr\u00e9dit photo: Samuel Marie-Fanon, EU\/ECHO 2013<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While there are many different interpretations of the relationship between climate change and gender, it is important to examine some insights. First, that the most vulnerable people, men and women, will suffer the greatest from climate change. This should be the starting point of any agenda. Second, the perils brought as a consequence of environmental depredation should provide an opportunity to rethink the growth imperative and the (arbitrary) separation between human beings and nature. Third, women\u2019s invisible reproductive work situates them at a higher risk than men when facing the global climate crisis.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ecole-de-droit\/fr\/profile\/helena-alviar-garcia.html\">Helena Alviar Garc\u00eda<\/a>, is a full professor of Law at Sciences Po Paris. She dedicates her research on development, property law, social and economic rights, feminism, and transitional justice. \r\n<\/pre>\n<p><b><div class=\"idea_box\"><div class=\"icon\"><i class=\"icon-lamp\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"desc\">Bibliography<br \/>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Helena Alviar Garc\u00eda &#8211; \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44175843?seq=1\">Searching for women and sustainable development in Colombia: Restructuring the limits<\/a>\u201d. In <i>Fordham Environmental Law Review<\/i>, 2012<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Helena Alviar Garc\u00eda &#8211; <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.editorialtemis.com\/Temis\/C_Libros?Libro=CDatos&amp;codigo=02-000-0023\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Derecho, desarrollo y feminismo en Am\u00e9rica Latina <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Law, Development and Feminism in Latin America]<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2008, Editorial Temis, 2008 <b><\/div><\/div>\n<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_8829_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_8829_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_8829_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_8829_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8829_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8829_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8829_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ester Boserup, Women&#8217;s Role in Economic Development, 1970<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8829_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8829_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8829_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kate Raworth &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguin.co.uk\/books\/110\/1107761\/doughnut-economics\/9781847941398.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st Century Economist<\/a>, Random House 2017<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8829_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8829_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8829_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Garc\u00eda, Helena Alviar \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44175843?seq=1\">Searching for women and sustainable development in Colombia: Restructuring the limits<\/a>\u201d. In <i>Fordham Environmental Law Review<\/i>, 2012<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_8829_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_8829_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_8829_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_8829_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_8829_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_8829_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_8829_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_8829_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_8829_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_8829_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_8829_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_8829_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_8829_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_8829_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Helena Alviar Garcia, Law School* Do environmental depredation and climate change affect women differently from men? This question has been asked by feminists and<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8719,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,255,256],"tags":[78,129,305,112],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8829\/?lang=en"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/?lang=en"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/?lang=en"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3\/?lang=en"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?lang=en&post=8829"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8829\/revisions\/?lang=en"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9000,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8829\/revisions\/9000\/?lang=en"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8719\/?lang=en"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?lang=en&parent=8829"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?lang=en&post=8829"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?lang=en&post=8829"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}