{"id":8247,"date":"2020-01-24T16:42:43","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T14:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/fake-news-des-urls-a-leur-reception-inreallife\/"},"modified":"2020-02-25T13:24:39","modified_gmt":"2020-02-25T11:24:39","slug":"fake-news-from-urls-to-their-reception-inreallife","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/fake-news-from-urls-to-their-reception-inreallife\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"From fake news&#8217; URLs to their reception IRL #InRealLife"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>by Manon Berriche, PhD candidate at the m\u00e9dialab<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7968\" style=\"width: 217px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7968\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-7968 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/32289417116_7a57184e76_c-207x300.jpg\" alt=\"Trump's Fake News. \u00a9 Jeff Gates\/Flickr. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0\" width=\"207\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/32289417116_7a57184e76_c-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/32289417116_7a57184e76_c-101x146.jpg 101w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/32289417116_7a57184e76_c-35x50.jpg 35w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/32289417116_7a57184e76_c-52x75.jpg 52w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/32289417116_7a57184e76_c.jpg 553w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 207px) 100vw, 207px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7968\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trump&#8217;s Fake News. \u00a9 Jeff Gates\/Flickr. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Since the 2016 American presidential election, the public debate has been overrun by concerns about disinformation. To take a closer look at this phenomenon, researchers and journalists can take advantage of the growth of big data and computational social science<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lazer, D., Pentland, A., Adamic, L., Aral, S., Barab\u00e1si, A. L., Brewer, D., . &amp; Jebara, T &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/PMC\/2745217\">Computational social science<\/a>, <i>Science<\/i>, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> to gather massive quantities of data about information circulated on the web \u2014 not to mention the countless URLs associated with them.<\/p>\n<h5>Contributions and Limits of Quantitative Analyses<\/h5>\n<p>Using these methods, several studies have highlighted the speed at which fake news is propagated on social networks<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., &amp; Aral, S. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aap9559\">The spread of true and false news online<\/a>, <i>Science, <\/i>2018<i><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/i> , and the &#8211; often considerable &#8211; engagement rates they generate. On this point, an article published in BuzzFeed showed that, during the months preceding Donald Trump\u2019s election, the twenty most successful pieces of fake news on Facebook had triggered 8.7 million reactions, comments or shares<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Silverman, C.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/craigsilverman\/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook\">This analysis shows how viral fake election news stories outperformed real news on Facebook<\/a>. <i>BuzzFeed<\/i>, 16\/11\/2016<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7970\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7970\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-7970\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cogito1.jpeg\" alt=\"\u00a9 BuzzFeed News\" width=\"350\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cogito1.jpeg 700w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cogito1-300x240.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cogito1-183x146.jpeg 183w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cogito1-50x40.jpeg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cogito1-94x75.jpeg 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7970\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 BuzzFeed New<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>While this impressive volume confirms the appeal of some fake news for internet users, it doesn\u2019t say a lot about their impact on public opinion. On the one hand, the number should be compared with the total number of interactions by Facebook users. Thus, if each Facebook user had only one interaction per day over the same period, the 8.7 million interactions would be reduced to &#8230; 0.006%!<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Watts, D. J., &amp; Rothschild, D. M. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/9d91\/58807cbf03fff609e74ef9e0e61c2e6088d8.pdf#page=26\">The minority report on the fake news crisis:(spoiler alert: it\u2019s the real news)<\/a>. in <i>AA. VV., Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem<\/i>, 2017<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><br \/>\nOn the other hand, it would be an illusion to believe that digital traces left by users are indicative of their opinions or behaviour in real life <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bastard, I., Cardon, D., Fouetillou, G., Prieur, C., &amp; Raux, S &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.internetactu.net\/2013\/12\/13\/travail-et-travailleurs-de-la-donnee\">Travail et travailleurs de la donn\u00e9e<\/a>, 2013<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Indeed, among those 8.7 million interactions, there are comments, shares and \ud83d\udc4d \ud83d\ude0d \ud83d\ude2f \ud83d\ude21 \ud83d\ude22 \ud83d\ude02, but it is difficult to accurately interpret the hidden meaning behind these \u2018\u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Correspondances_(sonnet)\">forests of symbols<\/a>\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">erpretation of signs that can be perceived in nature for decoding the world\u2019s mysteries. In the poem, Baudelaire suggests using the method of synesthesia, in other words to use the correspondence between different senses because, for Baudelaire, the truth of sensations was only accessible to those who delved into their perceptions and expressed them through analogies, images and metaphors<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The reactions are often less the sign of true interest in certain kinds of information than \u201c<i>identity-based signs that individuals project on their sociability<\/i>\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cardon, D. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/commu.093.0173\">Du lien au like sur Internet<\/a>. <i>Communications<\/i>, 2013<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. We may therefore consider that a certain number of comments or shares of fake news are less signs of mass credulity than the expression of a diversity of systems of opinion (i.e. criticism, mockery, disapproval, support, etc.).<\/p>\n<h5>Specifying Engagement Rates Through Qualitative Analyses<\/h5>\n<div id=\"attachment_7996\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7996\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7996\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Screenshot_2020-01-27-Cortext-digital-plateform-Cortext-290x300.png\" alt=\"The CorTexT Platform stands a research facility that proposes on-line applications for open-science on textual corpuses analysis\" width=\"290\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Screenshot_2020-01-27-Cortext-digital-plateform-Cortext-290x300.png 290w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Screenshot_2020-01-27-Cortext-digital-plateform-Cortext-141x146.png 141w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Screenshot_2020-01-27-Cortext-digital-plateform-Cortext-48x50.png 48w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Screenshot_2020-01-27-Cortext-digital-plateform-Cortext-72x75.png 72w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Screenshot_2020-01-27-Cortext-digital-plateform-Cortext.png 486w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7996\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The CorTexT Platform stands a research facility that proposes on-line applications for open-science on textual corpuses analysis<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In response to disinformation on social networks, it is indeed crucial not to focus on the high aggregated volumes of fake news in circulation or the high engagement rates they generate.\u00a0 We must also make use of more qualitative approaches through which to clearly identify if fake news is as successful as the quantitative data suggests.<br \/>\nWe must therefore go in search of the confused words (\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Correspondances_(sonnet)\">confuses paroles<\/a>\u201d) they contain and process them with new quali-quantitative methods<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Venturini, T., Cardon, D., &amp; Cointet, J.-P. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/res.188.0009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">M\u00e9thodes digitales: Approches quali\/quanti des donn\u00e9es num\u00e9riques<\/a>, <i>R\u00e9seaux<\/i>, 2015<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, a major tool in the research conducted at the medialab.<\/p>\n<h5>Contexts and Functions of Interactions on Social Networks<\/h5>\n<div id=\"attachment_7972\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7972\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-7972\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Appendix2.png\" alt=\"Copie \u00e9cran Facebook de Sant\u00e9 + Magazine\" width=\"350\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Appendix2.png 370w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Appendix2-189x300.png 189w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Appendix2-92x146.png 92w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Appendix2-32x50.png 32w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Appendix2-47x75.png 47w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7972\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screenshot Facebook of Sant\u00e9 + Magazine<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The aim of my thesis is to go beyond the number of interactions in order to understand the motivations and opinions behind them. Contrary to <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harold_Dwight_Lasswell\">Laswell<\/a>\u2019s \u201c<i>hypodermic needle<\/i>\u201d model (1927) postulating the idea of the media\u2019s almost magnetic control of individuals, it strives to reach beyond the issue of the effects of media content and also to question its function by gaining a more specific understanding of the relationship to information in the different social contexts in which it develops.<br \/>\nMy preliminary research was based on theories growing out of cognitive psychology and the sociology of communication and media in order to explain why some kinds of content are more viral than others. The first study on the Facebook page of \u201cSant\u00e9 + Mag\u201d, known for being an emblematic example of disinformation about health<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">about Sant\u00e9 Plus Mag : P. Bafoil\u00a0 &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesinrocks.com\/2018\/01\/17\/medias\/actualite\/fausses-rumeurs-et-prescriptions-dangereuses-sur-sante-plus-mag-lune-des-pages-les-plus-populaires-de-facebook\">Fausses rumeurs et prescriptions dangereuses sur &#8220;Sant\u00e9 Plus Mag&#8221;, l&#8217;une des pages les plus populaires de Facebook<\/a>, <em>Les Inrockuptibles,<\/em> 17\/01\/2018 \/\/ A. S\u00e9n\u00e9cat &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/article\/2018\/05\/25\/sante-magazine-un-site-emblematique-de-la-mal-information-sur-la-sante_5304505_4355770.html\">Sant\u00e9+ Magazine, un site embl\u00e9matique de la \u00ab mal-information \u00bb sur la sant\u00e9<\/a>, <em>Le Monde<\/em>, 25\/05\/2018 \/\/ A. S\u00e9n\u00e9cat- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/article\/2019\/07\/17\/epingle-pour-ses-intox-sante-magazine-assure-avoir-change-vraiment_5490398_4355770.html\">Critiqu\u00e9 pour ses intox, Sant\u00e9 + Magazine assure avoir chang\u00e9. Vraiment?<\/a>,\u00a0 <em>Le Monde<\/em>, 27\/07\/2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, showed that even though it generates an impressive volume of interactions &#8211; around 11 million per month<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fletcher. R., Cornia. A, Graves L, Nielsen R.K. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.is\/static\/files\/frettamyndir\/reuterfake.pdf\">Measuring the reach of \u201cfake news\u201d and online disinformation in Europe<\/a>, Factsheets Reuters Institute, 2018<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, the latter are not triggered by the dubious content published about health issues on their Facebook page. In reality, its \u201csuccess\u201d is due above all to posts devoid of any informative content but containing everyday expressions such as \u2018\u2018<i>have a<\/i> <i>good weekend\u2019\u2019 or \u2018<\/i>\u2018<i>Sister,<\/i> <i>I love you\u2019\u2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Berriche, M., &amp; Altay, S. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/nj2sr\">&#8220;Sister, I Love You!&#8221; Phatic Posts Are More Successful On Facebook Than Health Misinformation<\/a>, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>,<\/i> the function of which is mainly social, like greeting cards.<br \/>\nSubsequently, I plan to analyse the comments attached to fake news<i>, <\/i>using textual analysis methods<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cointet, J. P., &amp; Parasie, S. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/rfs.593.0533\">Ce que le big data fait \u00e0 l\u2019analyse sociologique des textes<\/a>, <i>Revue fran\u00e7aise de sociologie<\/i>, 2018 \/\/\u00a0 Cointet, J. P., &amp; Parasie, S. &#8211;\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/res.214.0009\">Enqu\u00eater \u00e0 partir des traces textuelles du web<\/a>,\u00a0 <i>Reseaux, <\/i>2019<i><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/i>, in order to identify how information assessment strategies may emerge in the middle of ordinary discussions by internet users.<br \/>\nThis project will thus foster greater knowledge of conversational spaces for circulating information and will complement work conducted at the medialab on the structure of the public sphere in the digital age<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_8247_1('footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cardon, D., Cointet, J.P., Ooghe, B., Plique, G. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/hdl:\/2441\/52avseho8m9rjbmeot0eogd0iu\/resources\/wp1medialab-unfolding-the-multi-layered-structure-of-french-media-landscape-vf-2.pdf\">Unfolding the Multi-Layered Structure of the French Mediascape<\/a>. m\u00e9dialab working paper, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_8247_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"https:\/\/medialab.sciencespo.fr\/en\/people\/manon-berriche\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Manon Berriche<\/a> is a graduate of the \"Digital, New Technology and Public Policy\" specialisation of the School of Public Affairs of Sciences Po as well as from the Interdisciplinary Research Center. She is now a PhD candidate at the m\u00e9dialab and at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cri-paris.org\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Interdisciplinary Research Center<\/a>.<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_8247_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_8247_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_8247_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_8247_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lazer, D., Pentland, A., Adamic, L., Aral, S., Barab\u00e1si, A. L., Brewer, D., . &amp; Jebara, T &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/PMC\/2745217\">Computational social science<\/a>, <i>Science<\/i>, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., &amp; Aral, S. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aap9559\">The spread of true and false news online<\/a>, <i>Science, <\/i>2018<i><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Silverman, C.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/craigsilverman\/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook\">This analysis shows how viral fake election news stories outperformed real news on Facebook<\/a>. <i>BuzzFeed<\/i>, 16\/11\/2016<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Watts, D. J., &amp; Rothschild, D. M. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/9d91\/58807cbf03fff609e74ef9e0e61c2e6088d8.pdf#page=26\">The minority report on the fake news crisis:(spoiler alert: it\u2019s the real news)<\/a>. in <i>AA. VV., Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem<\/i>, 2017<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bastard, I., Cardon, D., Fouetillou, G., Prieur, C., &amp; Raux, S &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.internetactu.net\/2013\/12\/13\/travail-et-travailleurs-de-la-donnee\">Travail et travailleurs de la donn\u00e9e<\/a>, 2013<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">erpretation of signs that can be perceived in nature for decoding the world\u2019s mysteries. In the poem, Baudelaire suggests using the method of synesthesia, in other words to use the correspondence between different senses because, for Baudelaire, the truth of sensations was only accessible to those who delved into their perceptions and expressed them through analogies, images and metaphors<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cardon, D. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/commu.093.0173\">Du lien au like sur Internet<\/a>. <i>Communications<\/i>, 2013<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Venturini, T., Cardon, D., &amp; Cointet, J.-P. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/res.188.0009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">M\u00e9thodes digitales: Approches quali\/quanti des donn\u00e9es num\u00e9riques<\/a>, <i>R\u00e9seaux<\/i>, 2015<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">about Sant\u00e9 Plus Mag : P. Bafoil\u00a0 &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesinrocks.com\/2018\/01\/17\/medias\/actualite\/fausses-rumeurs-et-prescriptions-dangereuses-sur-sante-plus-mag-lune-des-pages-les-plus-populaires-de-facebook\">Fausses rumeurs et prescriptions dangereuses sur &#8220;Sant\u00e9 Plus Mag&#8221;, l&#8217;une des pages les plus populaires de Facebook<\/a>, <em>Les Inrockuptibles,<\/em> 17\/01\/2018 \/\/ A. S\u00e9n\u00e9cat &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/article\/2018\/05\/25\/sante-magazine-un-site-emblematique-de-la-mal-information-sur-la-sante_5304505_4355770.html\">Sant\u00e9+ Magazine, un site embl\u00e9matique de la \u00ab mal-information \u00bb sur la sant\u00e9<\/a>, <em>Le Monde<\/em>, 25\/05\/2018 \/\/ A. S\u00e9n\u00e9cat- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/article\/2019\/07\/17\/epingle-pour-ses-intox-sante-magazine-assure-avoir-change-vraiment_5490398_4355770.html\">Critiqu\u00e9 pour ses intox, Sant\u00e9 + Magazine assure avoir chang\u00e9. Vraiment?<\/a>,\u00a0 <em>Le Monde<\/em>, 27\/07\/2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fletcher. R., Cornia. A, Graves L, Nielsen R.K. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.is\/static\/files\/frettamyndir\/reuterfake.pdf\">Measuring the reach of \u201cfake news\u201d and online disinformation in Europe<\/a>, Factsheets Reuters Institute, 2018<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Berriche, M., &amp; Altay, S. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/nj2sr\">&#8220;Sister, I Love You!&#8221; Phatic Posts Are More Successful On Facebook Than Health Misinformation<\/a>, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cointet, J. P., &amp; Parasie, S. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/rfs.593.0533\">Ce que le big data fait \u00e0 l\u2019analyse sociologique des textes<\/a>, <i>Revue fran\u00e7aise de sociologie<\/i>, 2018 \/\/\u00a0 Cointet, J. P., &amp; Parasie, S. &#8211;\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/res.214.0009\">Enqu\u00eater \u00e0 partir des traces textuelles du web<\/a>,\u00a0 <i>Reseaux, <\/i>2019<i><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_8247_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_8247_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cardon, D., Cointet, J.P., Ooghe, B., Plique, G. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/hdl:\/2441\/52avseho8m9rjbmeot0eogd0iu\/resources\/wp1medialab-unfolding-the-multi-layered-structure-of-french-media-landscape-vf-2.pdf\">Unfolding the Multi-Layered Structure of the French Mediascape<\/a>. m\u00e9dialab working paper, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_8247_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_8247_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_8247_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_8247_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_8247_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_8247_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_8247_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_8247_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_8247_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_8247_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_8247_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_8247_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_8247_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_8247_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Manon Berriche, PhD candidate at the m\u00e9dialab Since the 2016 American presidential election, the public debate has been overrun by concerns about disinformation. To<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8171,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,332,248],"tags":[193],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8247\/?lang=en"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/?lang=en"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/?lang=en"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3\/?lang=en"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?lang=en&post=8247"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8247\/revisions\/?lang=en"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8510,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8247\/revisions\/8510\/?lang=en"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8171\/?lang=en"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?lang=en&parent=8247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?lang=en&post=8247"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?lang=en&post=8247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}