{"id":1649,"date":"2016-07-12T10:26:42","date_gmt":"2016-07-12T10:26:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=1649&#038;lang=en"},"modified":"2017-01-23T16:18:18","modified_gmt":"2017-01-23T14:18:18","slug":"europes-response-to-migrations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/europes-response-to-migrations\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Europe\u2019s response to migrations"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cartotheque.sciences-po.fr\/media\/Migrations_2013\/238\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1656 size-medium\" title=\" FNSP. Sciences Po - Atelier de cartographie. CC BY ND NC 4.0\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/carte-migration-EN-300x230.jpg\" alt=\"Migrations 2013\" width=\"300\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/carte-migration-EN-300x230.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/carte-migration-EN-768x588.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/carte-migration-EN-1024x784.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/carte-migration-EN-191x146.jpg 191w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/carte-migration-EN-50x38.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/carte-migration-EN-98x75.jpg 98w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/carte-migration-EN.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>As a major and age-old phenomenon, migration is central to research conducted at Sciences Po across all disciplines. To cover this issue is to embark on a journey beginning in Japan, by way of ex-USSR, the Gulf, and the Americas, and ending in Europe. We have chosen to devote this opening issue of Cogito to research on this latter region. The first goal is to measure and qualify the scope of the migrations affecting it, and then to analyse the European Union\u2019s migration policies and those of its member states. The second is to understand how European societies and their public opinions have welcomed (or rejected) migrants over time \u2013 a highly topical issue given that migration was a major factor in Brexit. <a id=\"content\" name=\"content\"><\/a>The last objective is to focus on controversial societal issues like the civic life and social rights of immigrants. The idea is to provide food for thought and maybe even inform decisions and action.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><b>Contents<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/europes-response-to-migrants\/?lang=en#content\">A Europe in contact with the world<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/a-europe-that-lacks-solidarity\/?lang=en\">A Europe that lacks solidarity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/segregated-immigrants\/?lang=en\">Segregated immigrants?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/tolerance-towards-the-other-is-growing\/?lang=en\">Tolerance towards \u201cthe Other\u201d is growing<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/new-dynamics-of-political-integration\/?lang=en\">The new dynamics of political integration<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/ambiguous-social-rights\/?lang=en\">Ambiguous social rights<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/on-the-road-again\/?lang=en\">On the road again<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #e6142d;\">A Europe in contact with the world<\/span><\/h3>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ceri\/fr\/cerispire-user\/7216\/0\">Catherine Withol de Wenden<\/a>, a political scientist at CERI, devotes her research to migration. She is recognized for the quality of her research in both the academic community, as evidenced by her involvement with many journals specializing in migration, and political and cultural institutions such as the European Commission, UNHCR, OECD, and the Immigration Museum.<\/pre>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><b><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright wp-image-893 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/atlas-des-migrations_9782746743786-204x300.jpg\" alt=\"atlas-des-migrations_9782746743786\" width=\"204\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/atlas-des-migrations_9782746743786-204x300.jpg 204w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/atlas-des-migrations_9782746743786-99x146.jpg 99w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/atlas-des-migrations_9782746743786-34x50.jpg 34w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/atlas-des-migrations_9782746743786-51x75.jpg 51w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/atlas-des-migrations_9782746743786.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 204px) 100vw, 204px\" \/><\/b>Quantifying and localizing<\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Understanding migration first requires knowing its magnitude, developments and paths. This is what Catherine Withol de Wenden seeks to do in her regular publication of an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.autrement.com\/ouvrage\/atlas-des-migrations-catherine-wihtol-de-wenden-madeleine-benoit-guyod-1\"><i>Atlas of migrations<\/i><\/a>. The latest edition offers a measurement of the significance of the migratory phenomenon at the global level and its acceleration: in 50 years the number of international migrants has tripled, growing from 77 million in the 1970s to 240 million today. If the 740 million \u201cinternal\u201d migrants are added, this means that a sixth of the global population is involved.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">But if it appears, in a recent development, that South-South migratory flows have become equivalent to South-North flows, the conflicts surrounding Europe have turned it into the primary migratory destination in terms of flows. The number of asylum seekers has grown from 200,000 in 2008 to 625,000 in 2014 and over 1,225,000 in 2015.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Adapting to diversity<\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">However, since the migration policies that the EU has implemented over the past 30 years were essentially security measures, the EU is very ill prepared to deal with this sudden influx. According to Catherine Withol de Wenden, the diversification of migrations is one of the stumbling blocks for public policies. Primarily based on a simplistic dichotomy \u2013 economic migrants <i>versus<\/i> political refugees \u2013 they are not equipped to deal with the growing diversity and mixing of immigration factors \u2013 economic, political, religious, sexual, climactic, etc.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><b><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright wp-image-905 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/migrations-en-mediterranee.jpg-179x300.png\" alt=\"migrations-en-mediterranee.jpg\" width=\"179\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/migrations-en-mediterranee.jpg-179x300.png 179w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/migrations-en-mediterranee.jpg-87x146.png 87w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/migrations-en-mediterranee.jpg-30x50.png 30w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/migrations-en-mediterranee.jpg-45x75.png 45w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/migrations-en-mediterranee.jpg.png 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 179px) 100vw, 179px\" \/><\/b>Mediterranean fractures<b> <\/b><\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The complexity of migration phenomena is especially pronounced in the Mediterranean, as demonstrated in a book that Catherine Withol de Wenden co-edited with H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Thiollet (Sciences Po\/CERI) and Camille Schmoll (Paris VII), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnrseditions.fr\/sociologie\/7184-migrations-en-mediterranee.html\"><i>Migrations in the Mediterranean<\/i><\/a>, which was published at the height of the migration \u201ccrisis\u201d. It analyses three types of intermixed migrations \u2013 work, transit and asylum seeking \u2013 their evolutions and the policies providing a framework, and thereby structuring them. The study of this region also reveals the persistent weight of the colonial past, which only reinforces the divergence between the migration policies of European countries. <em>See also a sort of equivalent in English: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Migration-in-the-Mediterranean-Socio-economic-perspectives\/Ambrosetti-Strangio-Wenden\/p\/book\/9781138642492\" target=\"_blank\">Migration in the Mediterranean : Socio-economic perspectives<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The need for more diverse responses<\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Addressing the diversity of situations necessitates, according to Catherine Withol de Wenden, establishing migration polices offering a broader range of cyclical or sustainable opportunities: establishment of provisional protection (as that established in 2001 during the was in ex-Yugoslavia), diversification in the type of visas awarded, greater opening to economic migrants whose contribution would compensate for labour shortages (the French \u201cSkills and Talents\u201d program has only brought in 1,400 immigrants since its founding in 2008) and for the aging of our populations.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">A universal right<\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Finally, she proposes to study anew the long-standing egalitarian idea of universal citizenship, formulated by philosophers like Emmanuel Kant. From her observation of practices, she detects embryonic forms of it \u2013 in Europe fittingly \u2013 but also underscores the obstacles that such a project would need to overcome. Yet she believes that establishing freedom of movement as a universal principle is the only way of adapting to a world that is increasingly mobile.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Next article: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/a-europe-that-lacks-solidarity\/?lang=en\">A Europe that lacks solidarity<\/a><\/h4>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Recent books<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Migration-in-the-Mediterranean-Socio-economic-perspectives\/Ambrosetti-Strangio-Wenden\/p\/book\/9781138642492\">Migration in the Mediterranean : Socio-economic perspectives<\/a>, dir. with Elena Ambrosetti and Donatella Strangio, June 2016<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.autrement.com\/ouvrage\/atlas-des-migrations-catherine-wihtol-de-wenden-madeleine-benoit-guyod-1\">Atlas des migrations : Un \u00e9quilibre mondial \u00e0 inventer<\/a>, 2016, \u00c9ditions Autrement (Cartographie Madeleine Beno\u00eet-Guyod)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pressesdesciencespo.fr\/fr\/livre\/?GCOI=27246100787760\">Faut-il ouvrir les fronti\u00e8res ?<\/a>, Presses de Sciences Po, 2014<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pressesdesciencespo.fr\/fr\/livre\/?GCOI=27246100149410\">La question migratoire au XXIe si\u00e8cle. Migrants, r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s et relations internationales<\/a>, Presses de Sciences Po, 2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Few articles<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/rddm.revuedesdeuxmondes.fr\/archive\/article.php?code=73468\">Les grandes vagues migratoires en France<\/a>, in Revue des deux mondes, juin 2016<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/hdl:\/2441\/71b6o1slkl9a78ro9jg4c9ngfa\">L\u2019Europe, nouvelles fronti\u00e8res, nouvelles mobilit\u00e9s : Des droits d\u2019entr\u00e9e et de sortie invers\u00e9s depuis un si\u00e8cle<\/a>, in Fronti\u00e8res, Magellan &amp; Cie, Mus\u00e9e national de l\u2019histoire de l\u2019immigration, 2015<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cairn.info\/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=ETU_103_0317\">L\u2019Europe, un continent d\u2019immigration malgr\u00e9 lui<\/a>, in \u00c9tudes, mars 2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/hdl:\/2441\/9labe9r4se65i789685q58m3o\">All <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/hdl:\/2441\/9labe9r4se65i789685q58m3o\">Catherine Withold de Wenden&#8217;s<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/hdl:\/2441\/9labe9r4se65i789685q58m3o\"> publications <\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Copyrights Homepage photo : Migrants crossing illegally into Hungary\/G\u00e9mes S\u00e1ndor-SzomSzed \/ CC BY-SA 3.0<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"rev_slider_3_1_wrapper\" class=\"rev_slider_wrapper fullwidthbanner-container\" data-alias=\"header-fr\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As a major and age-old phenomenon, migration is central to research conducted at Sciences Po across all disciplines. To cover this issue is to embark<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":442,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,187,124,123],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1649\/?lang=en"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/?lang=en"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/?lang=en"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3\/?lang=en"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?lang=en&post=1649"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1649\/revisions\/?lang=en"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1727,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1649\/revisions\/1727\/?lang=en"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/442\/?lang=en"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?lang=en&parent=1649"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?lang=en&post=1649"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?lang=en&post=1649"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}