{"id":14745,"date":"2023-10-30T12:14:39","date_gmt":"2023-10-30T10:14:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=14745"},"modified":"2024-03-15T16:45:14","modified_gmt":"2024-03-15T14:45:14","slug":"la-guerre-en-ukraine-vers-une-nouvelle-politique-industrielle-europeenne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/la-guerre-en-ukraine-vers-une-nouvelle-politique-industrielle-europeenne\/","title":{"rendered":"La guerre en Ukraine : vers une nouvelle politique industrielle europ\u00e9enne"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\">par Salih Isik Bora, CERI<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14760\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/shutterstock_1842375088.jpg\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14760\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14760\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/shutterstock_1842375088.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/shutterstock_1842375088.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/shutterstock_1842375088-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/shutterstock_1842375088-260x146.jpg 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/shutterstock_1842375088-50x28.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/shutterstock_1842375088-133x75.jpg 133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14760\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p>L\u2019invasion de l\u2019Ukraine par la Russie, le 24 f\u00e9vrier 2022, a entra\u00een\u00e9 des bouleversements sur le fonctionnement de l\u2019Europe, qui vont bien au-del\u00e0 de ce qui en est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 et analys\u00e9 dans les m\u00e9dias. Parmi les impens\u00e9s, la transformation des politiques industrielles m\u00e9rite que l\u2019on s\u2019y arr\u00eate. C\u2019est tout l\u2019objet de ce papier, o\u00f9 je d\u00e9veloppe l\u2019id\u00e9e que la guerre en Ukraine a \u00e9t\u00e9 un acc\u00e9l\u00e9rateur d\u2019une transformation de fond de l\u2019\u00e9conomie politique de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE), entam\u00e9e au milieu des ann\u00e9es 2010. Il s\u2019agit du \u00ab\u00a0tournant de la politique industrielle\u00a0\u00bb en Europe<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">McNamara, K. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13501763.2023.2230247\">Transforming Europe? The EU\u2019s industrial policy and geopolitical turn<\/a>, <i>Journal of European Public Policy<\/i><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Au fond, le retour du volontarisme industriel consacre l\u2019id\u00e9e que la gouvernance \u00e9conomique doit reposer sur des choix politiques, et non exclusivement sur la recherche de l\u2019efficience d\u00e9finie par l\u2019optimum de Pareto<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">En science \u00e9conomique, l\u2019optimum de Pareto est une situation d\u2019\u00e9quilibre o\u00f9 le bien-\u00eatre des parties prenantes est maximis\u00e9 de telle fa\u00e7on qu\u2019aucune am\u00e9lioration n\u2019est possible. Dans la gouvernance de l\u2019UE, l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monie des sciences \u00e9conomiques et de la finalit\u00e9 de maximiser l\u2019utilit\u00e9 des agents \u00e9conomiques, sarcastiquement qualifi\u00e9 de \u2018Pareto-autoritarisme\u2019 par deux auteurs a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9dominant dans les ann\u00e9es 1990 et 2000. Follesdal, A. and Hix, S. (2006) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1468-5965.2006.00650.x\">Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik<\/a>\u2019, <i>Journal of Common Market Studies<\/i> 44(3), pp. 533-562.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Cette nouvelle orientation repose sur une r\u00e9surgence de la comp\u00e9tition g\u00e9opolitique, essentiellement entre la Chine et les \u00c9tats-Unis et, dans une moindre mesure, entre l\u2019Occident et la Russie.<\/p>\n<h3>Un changement de paradigme rendu possible par la pacification des rapports internationaux<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c9voquer un \u00ab tournant de politique industrielle \u00bb est pertinent dans la mesure o\u00f9 l\u2019int\u00e9gration europ\u00e9enne a \u00e9t\u00e9, depuis le milieu des ann\u00e9es 1980, consubstantielle avec l\u2019id\u00e9e que les temps o\u00f9 l\u2019on pouvait diriger une \u00e9conomie par la volont\u00e9 politique \u00e9taient r\u00e9volus. Le programme de l\u2019Acte unique europ\u00e9en (1986) et le Trait\u00e9 de Maastricht (1992) reposaient sur le constat que la gouvernance \u00e9conomique serait graduellement d\u00e9politis\u00e9e. Ainsi l\u2019UE pourrait \u00eatre gouvern\u00e9e par un ensemble de r\u00e8gles macro\u00e9conomiques (lutte contre l\u2019inflation, maintien de l\u2019\u00e9quilibre budg\u00e9taire) et micro\u00e9conomiques (droit de la concurrence). L\u2019\u00c9tat r\u00e9gulateur a remplac\u00e9 l\u2019\u00c9tat dirigiste qui, dans la p\u00e9riode de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre (1945-1973), allouait les ressources \u00e9conomiques en lien avec des priorit\u00e9s politiques<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Majone, G. (1994) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402389408425031\">The rise of the regulatory state in Europe<\/a>\u2019, <i>West European Politics<\/i> 17(3), pp. 77-101 <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. La construction europ\u00e9enne ne reposait pas tant sur la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une communaut\u00e9 de destin \u00e9conomique, que sur une d\u00e9politisation de l\u2019\u00e9conomie et sa d\u00e9l\u00e9gation \u00e0 des autorit\u00e9s administratives ind\u00e9pendantes au niveau supranational. Comme l\u2019\u00e9crivait l\u2019\u00e9conomiste Jean-Paul Fitoussi en 2002, l\u2019int\u00e9gration europ\u00e9enne a \u00ab contenu les pr\u00e9rogatives des \u00c9tats \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de normes toujours plus contraignantes sans pour autant cr\u00e9er une souverainet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fitoussi, J.P. (2002) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seuil.com\/ouvrage\/la-regle-et-le-choix-de-la-souverainete-economique-en-europe-jean-paul-fitoussi\/9782020566742\"><i>La r\u00e8gle et le choix: de la souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9conomique en Europe<\/i><\/a>. Paris: Seuil<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> dans sa dimension externe, ce changement de paradigme signifiait que le commerce entre \u00c9tats devait se d\u00e9velopper selon les avantages comparatifs de chacun et pas en fonction des consid\u00e9rations d\u2019ordre g\u00e9opolitique. L\u2019Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), succ\u00e9dant \u00e0 l\u2019Accord g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) en 1995, a vis\u00e9 \u00e0 contenir les pr\u00e9rogatives \u00e9tatiques, non seulement sur des droits de douane mais aussi au niveau du droit de concurrence interne.<\/p>\n<p>Cette d\u00e9politisation avait \u00e9t\u00e9 rendue possible par une certaine \u00ab domestication \u00bb de l\u2019ordre international intervenu apr\u00e8s la Guerre froide. Pour r\u00e9sumer sch\u00e9matiquement, la croyance dominante \u00e9tait que le mod\u00e8le lib\u00e9ral d\u00e9mocratique serait pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rant, que les conflits inter\u00e9tatiques dispara\u00eetraient et que tous les \u00c9tats accepteraient de voir leur souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9conomique limit\u00e9e, \u00e0 l\u2019instar sur le mod\u00e8le europ\u00e9en. Comme l\u2019avait d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le grand politologue Robert Keohane : \u00ab l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne a mis fin \u00e0 l\u2019association de 300 ans entre succ\u00e8s et souverainet\u00e9 externe \u00bb. Si elle \u00e9tait surtout r\u00e9pandue dans l\u2019UE, cette croyance dans un nouveau \u00ab constitutionnalisme mondial \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gill, S. (1998) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13563469808406330\">European governance and new constitutionalism: Economic and monetary union and alternatives to disciplinary neoliberalism in Europe<\/a>\u2019, <i>New Political Economy<\/i>, 3(1), pp. 5\u201326.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00e9tait \u00e9galement partag\u00e9e par les administrations d\u00e9mocrates aux \u00c9tats-Unis (moins par les r\u00e9publicains), notamment l\u2019administration Clinton qui a soutenu l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la Chine dans l\u2019OMC en 2000.<\/p>\n<h3>La fin de la pacification : l\u2019\u00e9lection de Donald Trump aux \u00c9tats-Unis, \u00ab Made in Germany 2030\u00a0\u00bb en Europe<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pearson.com\/en-us\/subject-catalog\/p\/death-by-china-confronting-the-dragon---a-global-call-to-action\/P200000009197\/9780134319032\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright wp-image-14758\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Capture-decran-2023-10-30-103254.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Capture-decran-2023-10-30-103254.png 440w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Capture-decran-2023-10-30-103254-192x300.png 192w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Capture-decran-2023-10-30-103254-94x146.png 94w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Capture-decran-2023-10-30-103254-32x50.png 32w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Capture-decran-2023-10-30-103254-48x75.png 48w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a>Si la pacification de l\u2019ordre international a initialement r\u00e9sist\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9cession de 2008, elle s\u2019est d\u00e9t\u00e9rior\u00e9e \u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 2010. L\u2019arriv\u00e9e de Donald Trump \u00e0 la Maison-Blanche en janvier 2017 a \u00e9t\u00e9 un tournant majeur parce que, comme l\u2019\u00e9taye en d\u00e9tail un de ses conseillers dans l\u2019ouvrage \u00ab Death by China \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Autry G. &amp; Navarro P. (2011) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pearson.com\/en-us\/subject-catalog\/p\/death-by-china-confronting-the-dragon---a-global-call-to-action\/P200000009197\/9780134319032\"><i>Death by China: Confronting the Dragon \u2013 A Global Call to Action<\/i><\/a>. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, Trump et son \u00e9quipe consid\u00e9raient qu\u2019une gouvernance \u00e9conomique par le droit et le multilat\u00e9ralisme n\u2019\u00e9tait qu\u2019une dangereuse illusion qui affaiblissait l\u2019Occident vis-\u00e0-vis de la Chine. Ainsi, d\u00e8s son arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 la Maison-Blanche le 20 janvier 2017, le pr\u00e9sident Trump acte la sortie du Partenariat transatlantique de commerce et d\u2019investissement (TTIP), un accord n\u00e9goci\u00e9 par le pr\u00e9sident Obama avec les partenaires indopacifiques des \u00c9tats-Unis poursuivant l\u2019objectif de d\u00e9velopper des r\u00e8gles du commerce mondial. L\u2019id\u00e9e \u00e9tait aussi de faire pression sur la Chine et l\u2019inciter \u00e0 s\u2019y associer, au risque de se voir exclure d\u2019une zone de libre-\u00e9change lucrative. En d\u00e9non\u00e7ant cet accord, Trump mettait en place sa strat\u00e9gie d\u2019endiguement et de \u00ab guerre commerciale \u00bb vis-\u00e0-vis de la Chine.<\/p>\n<p>Si au niveau europ\u00e9en, la rupture avec l\u2019approche pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de l\u2019\u00e9conomie mondiale a \u00e9t\u00e9 beaucoup moins brutale, elle s\u2019est fait jour\u00a0 \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s au m\u00eame moment. Environ 6 mois apr\u00e8s l\u2019investiture de Donald Trump, l&rsquo;entreprise allemande sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e en robotique, Kuka, a \u00e9t\u00e9 rachet\u00e9e par un conglom\u00e9rat chinois visant \u00e0 effectuer un transfert de technologie et de d\u00e9tr\u00f4ner l\u2019Allemagne dans ce secteur. Plut\u00f4t qu\u2019une d\u00e9cision priv\u00e9e, cette acquisition\u00a0 relevait d\u2019une strat\u00e9gie de long terme \u00e9labor\u00e9e et organis\u00e9e par la sph\u00e8re politique dans le cadre de l\u2019initiative \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr\/Articles\/2015\/06\/05\/le-plan-made-in-china-2025\">Made in China 2025<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb. Historiquement m\u00e9fiants envers toute politique industrielle verticale (\u00e0 distinguer des politiques horizontales comme les aides r\u00e9gionales, l\u2019investissement dans le capital humain\u2026), les \u00e9lites politiques allemandes \u00e9taient attach\u00e9es au projet de pacification de l\u2019ordre international qui promettait l\u2019ouverture de nouveaux march\u00e9s d\u2019exportations. Lors du choc \u00e9conomique qui avait frapp\u00e9 la Zone Euro au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2010, la croissance allemande \u00e9tait notamment rest\u00e9e dynamique gr\u00e2ce aux exportations vers le march\u00e9 chinois. Voir le tableau ci-dessous.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Surplus commercial de l\u2019Allemagne en milliards d\u2019euros, prix actualis\u00e9s<\/b><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14748\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image1.png\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14748\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14748\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image1-1024x539.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image1-1024x539.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image1-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image1-768x404.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image1-260x137.png 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image1-50x26.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image1-143x75.png 143w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image1.png 1254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14748\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Schneider, E. (2023) : \u2018Next Generation EU and the Future of Monetary Union: Shifting Interests and New Fractures in the German Power Bloc\u2019, Journal of Common Market Studies.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Alors que les gouvernements fran\u00e7ais successifs se sont mis \u00e0 d\u00e9noncer\u00a0 une Europe insistant excessivement sur des r\u00e8gles de concurrence lib\u00e9rales rendant impossible une politique industrielle \u00ab\u00a0souveraine\u00a0\u00bb, les Allemands sont rest\u00e9s attach\u00e9s au <i>statu quo<\/i> jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la seconde moiti\u00e9 des ann\u00e9es 2010<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Warlouzet, L. (2021) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnrseditions.fr\/catalogue\/histoire\/europe-contre-europe\/\"><i>Europe contre Europe: Entre libert\u00e9, solidarit\u00e9, puissance<\/i><\/a>. Paris: CNRS.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14763\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-10-46-14-P039367-863098-800x450.jpg-Image-JPEG-800-\u00d7-450-pixels.png\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14763\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14763\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-10-46-14-P039367-863098-800x450.jpg-Image-JPEG-800-\u00d7-450-pixels.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-10-46-14-P039367-863098-800x450.jpg-Image-JPEG-800-\u00d7-450-pixels.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-10-46-14-P039367-863098-800x450.jpg-Image-JPEG-800-\u00d7-450-pixels-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-10-46-14-P039367-863098-800x450.jpg-Image-JPEG-800-\u00d7-450-pixels-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-10-46-14-P039367-863098-800x450.jpg-Image-JPEG-800-\u00d7-450-pixels-260x146.png 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-10-46-14-P039367-863098-800x450.jpg-Image-JPEG-800-\u00d7-450-pixels-50x28.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-10-46-14-P039367-863098-800x450.jpg-Image-JPEG-800-\u00d7-450-pixels-133x75.png 133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14763\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Margrethe Vestager [European Commission], Cr\u00e9dit: Euractiv<\/p><\/div>Si Kuka a initi\u00e9 un processus de mise en question du mod\u00e8le allemand, le v\u00e9ritable tournant n\u2019est venu que trois ann\u00e9es plus tard, en f\u00e9vrier 2019. Au lendemain du refus par la Commission europ\u00e9enne de la fusion des entreprises ferroviaires Alstom et Siemens, le minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9conomie allemande a publi\u00e9 une strat\u00e9gie industrielle intitul\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmwk.de\/Redaktion\/FR\/Dossier\/strategie-pour-industrie-2030.html\">Made in Germany 2030<\/a> \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L\u2019organisation patronale Bundesverband Deutsche Industrie (BDI) avait publi\u00e9 un papier sur la Chine, intitul\u00e9 \u2018partenaire et concurrent syst\u00e9mique\u2019, un mois auparavant. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Deux semaines plus tard, ce plan sera suivi d\u2019un \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr\/Articles\/2019\/02\/19\/manifeste-franco-allemand-pour-l-industrie\">Manifeste franco-allemand pour la politique industrielle<\/a> \u00bb. Comme le remarque Julian German, chercheur en relations internationales, \u00ab Made in Germany 2030 \u00bb est la premi\u00e8re fois depuis plusieurs d\u00e9cennies que les \u00e9lites envisagent explicitement un r\u00f4le accru pour l\u2019\u00c9tat dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie au nom de prot\u00e9ger la base industrielle, l\u2019avance technologique et l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9conomique \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Germann, J. (2022) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.sussex.ac.uk\/p329417-julian-germann\/publications\">Global rivalries, corporate interests and Germany\u2019s \u2018national industrial strategy 2030<\/a>\u2019, <i>Review of International Political Economy<\/i>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u2019invasion de l\u2019Ukraine comme acc\u00e9l\u00e9rateur<\/h3>\n<p>Le tournant de la politique industrielle, port\u00e9 par des initiatives franco-allemandes, m\u00e8ne vers un changement paradigmatique du droit de la concurrence dans l\u2019UE sur au moins trois plans. Si ces trois changements ont pris forme avant le 24 f\u00e9vrier 2022, l\u2019invasion russe a \u00e9t\u00e9 un acc\u00e9l\u00e9rateur.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14769\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/fr\/ip_22_5676\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14769\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14769\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-09-40-Aides-dEtat-670x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-09-40-Aides-dEtat-670x1024.png 670w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-09-40-Aides-dEtat-196x300.png 196w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-09-40-Aides-dEtat-95x146.png 95w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-09-40-Aides-dEtat-33x50.png 33w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-09-40-Aides-dEtat-49x75.png 49w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-09-40-Aides-dEtat.png 711w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source : Commission europ\u00e9enne<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Premi\u00e8rement et en lien imm\u00e9diat avec la d\u00e9cision Alstom-Siemens, la Commission europ\u00e9enne initie, en novembre 2021, une proc\u00e9dure de r\u00e9vision de ses crit\u00e8res d\u2019analyse du \u00ab\u00a0march\u00e9 pertinent\u00a0\u00bb c\u2019est \u00e0 dire le champ sectoriel et la port\u00e9e g\u00e9ographique du march\u00e9 dans lequel la Commission va \u00e9valuer le pouvoir monopolistique de l\u2019entreprise, rest\u00e9e inchang\u00e9e depuis 1997. Par exemple, l\u2019existence d\u2019une seule entreprise sur le march\u00e9 europ\u00e9en peut \u00eatre justifi\u00e9e s\u2019il est d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que le march\u00e9 en question est mondial et que seuls des acteurs de taille continentale peuvent franchir les barri\u00e8res d\u2019entr\u00e9e pour s&rsquo; y faire une place . \u00c0 ce jour, les nouveaux crit\u00e8res permettant de d\u00e9finir ce qu\u2019est un march\u00e9 pertinent sont toujours en cours d\u2019\u00e9laboration mais il est attendu que la Commission applique des crit\u00e8res moins stricts pour consid\u00e9rer un march\u00e9 comme mondial.<br \/>\nL\u2019invasion de l\u2019Ukraine par la Russie va tr\u00e8s probablement renforcer cette tendance, les questions d\u2019approvisionnement devenant probl\u00e9matiques, en particulier pour ce qui est de l\u2019\u00e9nergie. Malgr\u00e9 son poids \u00e9conomique relativement faible, avec un PIB environ 9 fois inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui de l\u2019UE, la Russie est une superpuissance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et l\u2019arr\u00eat de l\u2019approvisionnement actuel repr\u00e9sente un co\u00fbt significatif pour l\u2019Europe, qui importait 25% de ses besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques de Russie en 2020<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Eurostat, The EU imported 58% of its energy in 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Un argument depuis longtemps mobilis\u00e9 par les politiques fran\u00e7ais, notamment lors du projet de fusion entre GDF et Suez en 2006, est que la cr\u00e9ation de \u00ab champions europ\u00e9ens \u00bb parce qu\u2019elle permettra des \u00e9conomies d\u2019\u00e9chelle pour les investissements d\u2019infrastructure de grande ampleur<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">S\u00e9nat Fran\u00e7ais (2007) \u2019La bataille des centres de d\u00e9cision : promouvoir la souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9conomique de la France \u00e0 l&rsquo;heure de la mondialisation\u2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<br \/>\nDeuxi\u00e8mement, depuis la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, la Commission a con\u00e7u plusieurs cadres juridiques d\u2019exception afin d\u2019assouplir le contr\u00f4le des aides \u00e9tatiques. Le premier d\u2019entre eux \u00ab L&rsquo;encadrement temporaire des aides d&rsquo;\u00c9tat COVID \u00bb, adopt\u00e9 en mars 2020, soit au tout d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie, devait expirer une fois la crise termin\u00e9e. Mais la crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019invasion de l\u2019Ukraine a conduit \u00e0 son prolongement. Face \u00e0 la mont\u00e9e des prix de l\u2019\u00e9nergie, les \u00c9tats membres ont d\u00fb continuer de soutenir les entreprises en difficult\u00e9 afin d\u2019\u00e9viter un effondrement du tissu \u00e9conomique. \u00ab L\u2019encadrement temporaire des aides d&rsquo;\u00c9tat COVID \u00bb a ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 renouvel\u00e9 six fois jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 2022.<br \/>\nLe 9 mars 2023, une semaine apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;invasion de l\u2019Ukraine, cette disposition a \u00e9t\u00e9 prolong\u00e9e et int\u00e9gr\u00e9e au sein d\u2019un programme plus vaste d&rsquo;encadrement temporaire de crise et de transition vers une \u00e9conomie \u00e0 z\u00e9ro \u00e9mission nette. En pr\u00e9sentant ce nouvel instrument, Margrethe Vestager, commissaire europ\u00e9enne de la concurrence, a insist\u00e9 elle-m\u00eame en pronon\u00e7ant le mot \u00ab temporaire \u00bb 14 fois dans son discours<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Vestager, M. (2023) <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/speech_23_527\">Discours du 1er f\u00e9vrier 2023<\/a> <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Il semble toutefois que, contrairement \u00e0 la crise de 2008, l\u2019assouplissement des contr\u00f4les d\u2019aide d&rsquo;\u00c9tat ne sera pas temporaire.<br \/>\nTroisi\u00e8mement et depuis 2014, des \u00ab Projets importants d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat europ\u00e9en commun \u00bb (PIIEC)ont prolif\u00e9r\u00e9 dans de nombreux secteurs. Le statut de PIIEC pr\u00e9voit que les r\u00e8gles sur les aides d&rsquo;\u00c9tat peuvent \u00eatre exceptionnellement lev\u00e9es. D\u2019abord pr\u00e9vue dans le cadre d\u2019un projet dans le secteur des semi-conducteurs, la convergence franco-allemande sur la politique industrielle a men\u00e9 \u00e0 un accroissement spectaculaire des PIIEC dans de nombreux secteurs dont l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et les batteries \u00e9lectriques. Au total, ce sont, aujourd\u2019hui, 28 milliards d\u2019euros de financements publics et 36 milliards d\u2019euros de financement priv\u00e9s qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 collect\u00e9s dans le cadre de PIIEC<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Di Carlo, D. &amp; Schmitz, L. (2023) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13501763.2023.2202684\">Europe first? The rise of EU industrial policy promoting and protecting the single market<\/a>\u2019, <i>Journal of European Public Policy<\/i>. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. La prolif\u00e9ration de ces projets est d\u2019ailleurs d\u2019une telle ampleur que plusieurs \u00c9tats membres de l\u2019UE ont adress\u00e9 une lettre \u00e0 la Commission dans l\u2019optique de limiter leur port\u00e9e d\u2019application et \u00e9viter une distorsion du march\u00e9 commun, avec un avantage disproportionn\u00e9 accord\u00e9 \u00e0 la France et l\u2019Allemagne<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">R\u00e9publique tch\u00e8que, Danemark, Finlande, Irlande, Lettonie, Lituanie, Pologne, Pays-Bas, Slovaquie, Espagne et Su\u00e8de (2021) Non-paper: \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/institutdelors.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/dlm_uploads\/2022\/05\/PP276_PIIEC_Eisl_FR.pdf\">Smart and Selective Use of the IPCEI Instrument<\/a>\u2019, April 28th.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Limit\u00e9e certes, mais pas interdite et l\u00e0 encore, la rupture des approvisionnements caus\u00e9e par la guerre en Ukraine vient renforcer le tournant du droit europ\u00e9en de la concurrence dans la mesure o\u00f9 elle justifie une r\u00e9duction des d\u00e9pendances vers l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Conseil europ\u00e9en (2022) \u2018D\u00e9claration de Versailles\u2019, 10-11 mars.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<h3>Touch\u00e9 mais pas coul\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>Ainsi, si la d\u00e9politisation de l\u2019\u00e9conomie sur laquelle reposait la gouvernance \u00e9conomique europ\u00e9enne, et notamment le droit de la concurrence, \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 battue en br\u00e8che avant la guerre en Ukraine, cette derni\u00e8re en a clairement acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 le processus. \u00c0 l\u2019heure o\u00f9 l\u2019UE tente d\u2019endiguer la machine de guerre russe, l\u2019absence de politique industrielle est devenue ind\u00e9fendable.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14767\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels.png\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14767\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14767\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels.png 750w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels-146x146.png 146w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels-75x75.png 75w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels-85x85.png 85w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-30-at-11-03-36-soteu-600x600.jpg-Image-JPEG-600-\u00d7-600-pixels-80x80.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14767\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source : Centre d&rsquo;Information sur les Institutions Europ\u00e9ennes<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Mais tout n\u2019est pas si simple : la r\u00e9forme du droit de la concurrence sera-t-elle suivie d\u2019effets sur le pacte de stabilit\u00e9 et de croissance ? L\u2019UE est-elle capable de mener une politique industrielle alors que ses capacit\u00e9s financi\u00e8res en la mati\u00e8re sont extr\u00eamement limit\u00e9es (1% du PIB)? Comment faire face aux politiques industrielles chinoises et am\u00e9ricaines ? De fait, b\u00e2tir des comp\u00e9tences industrielles de pointe est tr\u00e8s co\u00fbteux. Ainsi, le prix d\u2019une seule usine de semi-conducteurs est estim\u00e9 entre 15 et 20 milliards d\u2019euros. Peu d\u2019\u00c9tats en Europe sont capables d\u2019effectuer de tels investissements, et une d\u00e9r\u00e9gulation de la concurrence pourrait conduire \u00e0 une comp\u00e9tition entre eux menant \u00e0 une fragmentation du march\u00e9 unique.<br \/>\nLors de son discours de l\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019Union en 2022, la pr\u00e9sidente de la Commission Ursula von der Leyen a propos\u00e9 \u00ab un Fonds de Souverainet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne \u00bb pour rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 ce probl\u00e8me. Mais les d\u00e9bats autour de ce fonds ont simplement expos\u00e9 les divisions, si famili\u00e8res, entre les \u00c9tats cr\u00e9diteurs du Nord et les \u00c9tats d\u00e9biteurs du Sud, et entre la France et l\u2019Allemagne. Il a par exemple \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que l\u2019invasion de l\u2019Ukraine a eu peu d\u2019impact sur l\u2019opposition de l&rsquo;Allemagne \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de nouvelles ressources au niveau europ\u00e9en<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Heidebrecht, S. &amp; Schoeller, M. (2023) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13501763.2023.2218883\">\u2018Continuity despite crises: Germany\u2019s euro policy in the light of the pandemic, war and inflation<\/a>\u2019, <i>Journal of European Public Policy<\/i>. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Le chancelier allemand, Olaf Scholz, n\u2019a pas appuy\u00e9 le fonds de souverainet\u00e9 jugeant que les fonds qui proviennent de la Facilit\u00e9 de Reprise et de R\u00e9silience sont, \u00e0 l\u2019heure actuelle, suffisants<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14745_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(17)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Reuters (2022) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/scholz-sovereignty-fund-use-money-existing-packages-first-2022-12-14\/\">Scholz on Sovereignty Fund: Use Money from Existing Packages First<\/a>\u2019, December 14th.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14745_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"clearer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"clearer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"conteneur\">\n<div id=\"ficheTitre\">\n<div class=\"these_navigation\">\n<pre>Salih Isik Bora est doctorant au Centre de recherches internationales de Sciences Po (CERI). Sa th\u00e8se \"Escape Forward: French state elites, EU politics and the discursive practice of European sovereignty\" est dirig\u00e9e par Christian Lequesne et de Christopher J. Bickerton.<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_14745_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_14745_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_14745_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_14745_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">McNamara, K. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13501763.2023.2230247\">Transforming Europe? The EU\u2019s industrial policy and geopolitical turn<\/a>, <i>Journal of European Public Policy<\/i><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">En science \u00e9conomique, l\u2019optimum de Pareto est une situation d\u2019\u00e9quilibre o\u00f9 le bien-\u00eatre des parties prenantes est maximis\u00e9 de telle fa\u00e7on qu\u2019aucune am\u00e9lioration n\u2019est possible. Dans la gouvernance de l\u2019UE, l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monie des sciences \u00e9conomiques et de la finalit\u00e9 de maximiser l\u2019utilit\u00e9 des agents \u00e9conomiques, sarcastiquement qualifi\u00e9 de \u2018Pareto-autoritarisme\u2019 par deux auteurs a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9dominant dans les ann\u00e9es 1990 et 2000. Follesdal, A. and Hix, S. (2006) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1468-5965.2006.00650.x\">Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik<\/a>\u2019, <i>Journal of Common Market Studies<\/i> 44(3), pp. 533-562.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Majone, G. (1994) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402389408425031\">The rise of the regulatory state in Europe<\/a>\u2019, <i>West European Politics<\/i> 17(3), pp. 77-101 <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fitoussi, J.P. (2002) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seuil.com\/ouvrage\/la-regle-et-le-choix-de-la-souverainete-economique-en-europe-jean-paul-fitoussi\/9782020566742\"><i>La r\u00e8gle et le choix: de la souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9conomique en Europe<\/i><\/a>. Paris: Seuil<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gill, S. (1998) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13563469808406330\">European governance and new constitutionalism: Economic and monetary union and alternatives to disciplinary neoliberalism in Europe<\/a>\u2019, <i>New Political Economy<\/i>, 3(1), pp. 5\u201326.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Autry G. &amp; Navarro P. (2011) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pearson.com\/en-us\/subject-catalog\/p\/death-by-china-confronting-the-dragon---a-global-call-to-action\/P200000009197\/9780134319032\"><i>Death by China: Confronting the Dragon \u2013 A Global Call to Action<\/i><\/a>. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Warlouzet, L. (2021) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnrseditions.fr\/catalogue\/histoire\/europe-contre-europe\/\"><i>Europe contre Europe: Entre libert\u00e9, solidarit\u00e9, puissance<\/i><\/a>. Paris: CNRS.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L\u2019organisation patronale Bundesverband Deutsche Industrie (BDI) avait publi\u00e9 un papier sur la Chine, intitul\u00e9 \u2018partenaire et concurrent syst\u00e9mique\u2019, un mois auparavant. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Germann, J. (2022) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.sussex.ac.uk\/p329417-julian-germann\/publications\">Global rivalries, corporate interests and Germany\u2019s \u2018national industrial strategy 2030<\/a>\u2019, <i>Review of International Political Economy<\/i>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Eurostat, The EU imported 58% of its energy in 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">S\u00e9nat Fran\u00e7ais (2007) \u2019La bataille des centres de d\u00e9cision : promouvoir la souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9conomique de la France \u00e0 l&rsquo;heure de la mondialisation\u2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Vestager, M. (2023) <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/speech_23_527\">Discours du 1er f\u00e9vrier 2023<\/a> <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Di Carlo, D. &amp; Schmitz, L. (2023) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13501763.2023.2202684\">Europe first? The rise of EU industrial policy promoting and protecting the single market<\/a>\u2019, <i>Journal of European Public Policy<\/i>. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">R\u00e9publique tch\u00e8que, Danemark, Finlande, Irlande, Lettonie, Lituanie, Pologne, Pays-Bas, Slovaquie, Espagne et Su\u00e8de (2021) Non-paper: \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/institutdelors.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/dlm_uploads\/2022\/05\/PP276_PIIEC_Eisl_FR.pdf\">Smart and Selective Use of the IPCEI Instrument<\/a>\u2019, April 28th.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Conseil europ\u00e9en (2022) \u2018D\u00e9claration de Versailles\u2019, 10-11 mars.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Heidebrecht, S. &amp; Schoeller, M. (2023) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13501763.2023.2218883\">\u2018Continuity despite crises: Germany\u2019s euro policy in the light of the pandemic, war and inflation<\/a>\u2019, <i>Journal of European Public Policy<\/i>. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14745_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14745_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Reuters (2022) \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/scholz-sovereignty-fund-use-money-existing-packages-first-2022-12-14\/\">Scholz on Sovereignty Fund: Use Money from Existing Packages First<\/a>\u2019, December 14th.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_14745_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_14745_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_14745_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_14745_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_14745_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_14745_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_14745_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_14745_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_14745_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_14745_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_14745_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_14745_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_14745_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_14745_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>par Salih Isik Bora, CERI L\u2019invasion de l\u2019Ukraine par la Russie, le 24 f\u00e9vrier 2022, a entra\u00een\u00e9 des bouleversements sur le fonctionnement de l\u2019Europe, qui<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":14763,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[318,339,342],"tags":[72,89,68,338],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14745"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14745"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14745\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14849,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14745\/revisions\/14849"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14745"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14745"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14745"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}