{"id":14500,"date":"2023-07-21T12:15:38","date_gmt":"2023-07-21T10:15:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=14500"},"modified":"2023-09-06T10:35:44","modified_gmt":"2023-09-06T08:35:44","slug":"child-support-why-isnt-it-more-common-and-significant-in-france","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/child-support-why-isnt-it-more-common-and-significant-in-france\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Child Support: Why Isn\u2019t it More Common and Significant in France?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\">by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/cso\/en\/researcher\/Emilie%20Biland-Curinier\/7639.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00c9milie Biland-Curinier<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Child Support, a Major Root of Gender Inequality After Parental Separation<\/h3>\n<p>Marital separations increase economic inequality between women and men. This observation applies to all OECD countries<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Vaus David, Matthew Gray Lixia Qu et David Stanton, 2017, \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajs4.13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> The Economic Consequences of Divorce in Six OECD Countries<\/a>. \u00bb, <i>Australian Journal of Social Issues<\/i>, 52 (2): 180\u201399.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> , as it does to France, where women\u2019s standard of living decreases far more than men\u2019s after a divorce or civil union dissolution<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bonnet Carole, Garbinti Bertrand et Solaz Anne, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/fichier\/2017508\/COUFAM15d_D3_Niveau-de-vie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Les variations de niveau de vie des hommes et des femmes \u00e0 la suite d&#8217;un divorce ou d&#8217;une rupture de Pacs<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Insee R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/i>, 2015.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Disunion exacerbates disparities that were previously mitigated by (at least partial) resource pooling, while unleashing mechanisms that deepen gender inequalities. First, women are structurally disadvantaged in asset sharing upon separation<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bessi\u00e8re C\u00e9line et Gollac Sibylle, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.editionsladecouverte.fr\/le_genre_du_capital-9782348044380\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>Le genre du capital. Comment la famille reproduit les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s<\/i><\/a>, Paris, La D\u00e9couverte.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. This is attributable to, among other things, the rise in cohabitation outside marriage and the shortening of union duration, which limit the scope of measures aimed at reducing economic inequalities between former spouses. Second, for women already shouldering most of the parental work<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Champagne Clara, Pailh\u00e9 Ariane et Solaz Anne, 2015, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/25-ans-de-participation-des-hommes-et-des-femmes-au-Champagne-Pailh%C3%A9\/b9ef220fb987268b4a76c019b4fdd2b367217d6a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">25 ans de participation des hommes et des femmes au travail domestique : quels facteurs d\u2019\u00e9volutions ?<\/a> \u00bb, <i>\u00c9conomie et Statistique<\/i>, 478-479-480, p. 209-241.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, disunion reinforces their consignment to motherhood: the vast majority assumes daily childcare, limiting their prospects in the labour market. Lone mothers are more likely to be unemployed, work part-time and have fixed-term contracts than those living with a partner<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Perivier &amp; alii. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ofce.sciences-po.fr\/pdf-articles\/actu\/helene.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00c9tude sur la situation \u00e9conomique et sociale des parents isol\u00e9s. Niveau de vie, march\u00e9 du travail et politiques publiques<\/a>, rapport OFCE, janvier 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14278\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14278\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14278 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-10-00-42-Collective-des-meres-isolees.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-10-00-42-Collective-des-meres-isolees.png 500w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-10-00-42-Collective-des-meres-isolees-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-10-00-42-Collective-des-meres-isolees-260x122.png 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-10-00-42-Collective-des-meres-isolees-50x23.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-10-00-42-Collective-des-meres-isolees-150x70.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-14278\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Facebook account of the Collective of Single Mothers (French association &#8220;Collective des m\u00e8res isol\u00e9es&#8221;) (23\/05\/2023).<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Child support is the amount of money typically paid each month by one parent to the other to contribute to raising and educating minor or dependent adult child (ren), whether or not the parents were married. It increases the standard of living of children whose parents do not live together while reducing gender inequalities, given that women are the recipients of more than nine out of ten cases<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gollac Sibylle (dir.), 2022, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-03926569\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Parents au tribunal. La coparentalit\u00e9 fa\u00e7onn\u00e9e par l\u2019institution judiciaire\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, rapport de recherche de l\u2019\u00e9quipe Justines (Justice et in\u00e9galit\u00e9s au prisme des sciences sociales) pour la Caisse nationale des allocations familiale &#8211; CNAF.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. But child support is neither automatic nor systematic: one must apply for it. A judge may reject the request, or issue a decision that will not be respected by the parent who is supposed to pay. Moreover, the way it is calculated\u2009\u2013\u2009yielding 200 euros on average per child living with the mother\u2009\u2013\u2009only accounts for direct costs associated with the child (housing, food, clothing, etc.), and not indirect cost in terms of career and earning for the custodial parent.<\/p>\n<h3>Child Support is Less Common and Lower in France Than Elsewhere<\/h3>\n<p>Comparison with other European countries clearly shows that alimony in France plays a limited role in post-breakup domestic life. Barely a quarter of single mothers claim to receive alimony\u2009\u2013\u2009one of the lowest rates in Europe<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hakovirta Mia et Merita Mesi\u00e4islehto, 2022, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-international-and-comparative-social-policy\/article\/lone-mothers-and-child-support-receipt-in-21-european-countries\/A9FB186F0ACA72327BC8721D74AED63F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lone mothers and child support receipt in 21 European countries<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy<\/i>, 38(1), p. 36\u201356.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. France is in the middle of the pack in terms of sum declared (3,000 euros per year in purchasing power parity), but in the bottom third of countries in terms of contribution to the income of recipient mothers (18 percent). <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bonnet Carole, Garbinti Bertrand, Solaz Anne, 2015, \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1283568\">\u00a0Les conditions de vie des enfants apr\u00e8s le divorce<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Insee premi\u00e8re<\/i>, 1536.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Proportion of households of single women with children receiving support in 21 European countries<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14317\" style=\"width: 760px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-international-and-comparative-social-policy\/article\/abs\/lone-mothers-and-child-support-receipt-in-21-european-countries\/A9FB186F0ACA72327BC8721D74AED63F\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14317\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14317\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-17-32-34-urn-cambridge.org-id-binary-20220504140257293-0877-S2169976321000152-S2169976321000152_fig1.png-Image-PNG-1600-\u00d7-911-pixels-Redimensionnee-67-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Proportion des m\u00e8res seules recevant des allocations dans 21 pays membres de l'Union Europ\u00e9enne\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-17-32-34-urn-cambridge.org-id-binary-20220504140257293-0877-S2169976321000152-S2169976321000152_fig1.png-Image-PNG-1600-\u00d7-911-pixels-Redimensionnee-67-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-17-32-34-urn-cambridge.org-id-binary-20220504140257293-0877-S2169976321000152-S2169976321000152_fig1.png-Image-PNG-1600-\u00d7-911-pixels-Redimensionnee-67-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-17-32-34-urn-cambridge.org-id-binary-20220504140257293-0877-S2169976321000152-S2169976321000152_fig1.png-Image-PNG-1600-\u00d7-911-pixels-Redimensionnee-67-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-17-32-34-urn-cambridge.org-id-binary-20220504140257293-0877-S2169976321000152-S2169976321000152_fig1.png-Image-PNG-1600-\u00d7-911-pixels-Redimensionnee-67-260x146.png 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-17-32-34-urn-cambridge.org-id-binary-20220504140257293-0877-S2169976321000152-S2169976321000152_fig1.png-Image-PNG-1600-\u00d7-911-pixels-Redimensionnee-67-50x28.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-17-32-34-urn-cambridge.org-id-binary-20220504140257293-0877-S2169976321000152-S2169976321000152_fig1.png-Image-PNG-1600-\u00d7-911-pixels-Redimensionnee-67-133x75.png 133w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-17-32-34-urn-cambridge.org-id-binary-20220504140257293-0877-S2169976321000152-S2169976321000152_fig1.png-Image-PNG-1600-\u00d7-911-pixels-Redimensionnee-67.png 1069w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14317\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source : Hakovirta, Mia, and Merita Mesi\u00e4islehto. 2022. \u201cLone mothers and child support receipt in 21 European countries, Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 38(1): 36\u201356.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Why is child support relatively uncommon and low in France? Based on collective studies conducted since the end of the 2000s, my book <a href=\"https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/distributed\/F\/bo207621648.html\"><i>Family Law in Action: Divorce and Inequality in Quebec and France<\/i><\/a> analyses the institutional reproduction of family inequality following marital dissolutions by intertwining three interdependent mechanisms.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14298\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14298\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14298\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-49-55-9780774866491fc-318038-510x590.jpg-Image-JPEG-393-\u00d7-590-pixels.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-49-55-9780774866491fc-318038-510x590.jpg-Image-JPEG-393-\u00d7-590-pixels.png 462w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-49-55-9780774866491fc-318038-510x590.jpg-Image-JPEG-393-\u00d7-590-pixels-193x300.png 193w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-49-55-9780774866491fc-318038-510x590.jpg-Image-JPEG-393-\u00d7-590-pixels-94x146.png 94w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-49-55-9780774866491fc-318038-510x590.jpg-Image-JPEG-393-\u00d7-590-pixels-32x50.png 32w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-49-55-9780774866491fc-318038-510x590.jpg-Image-JPEG-393-\u00d7-590-pixels-48x75.png 48w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-14298\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University of Chicago Press , 2023<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Inequality first arises in access to the justice system and to legal professionals: the liberalisation of divorce, the development of cohabitation outside marriage, and the diversification of separation paths tend to exacerbate it. Post-breakup inequality also stems from the power relationships that develop between professionals and separating couples during court and office encounters. Often marked by social distance and structured by cognitive and institutional asymmetries, these interactions reveal that the prerogatives and expectations of judges and lawyers vary significantly according to the social class and perceived origin of the individuals appearing before them. They further vary for any given position by gender. Finally, these interventions shape post-breakup conditions and lifestyles: they contribute to producing a parental model that varies according to gender, social class, and majority or minority group status.<\/p>\n<p>Since marital dissolutions and impoverishment of single-parent families have become widespread across almost all European and North American countries, this analysis draws on an in-depth comparison between two national cases: France and Quebec. Yielding more robust findings than those derivable from a single context or from a comparison limited to formal patterns and quantitative indicators, these binational field studies shed light on convergences and divergences in the public regulation of private life. International law development is limited with regard to marital separation<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gallant, Estelle. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/rcdip.164.0649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Divorce international<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Revue critique de droit international priv\u00e9<\/i>, vol. 4, no. 4, 2016, pp. 649-656. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>,<\/p>\n<p>so national norms remain predominant. However, domestic law is transformed at the intersection of inherited legal cultures and power relations between political institutions, public administrations, legal professions and activist groups shaped by national political circumstances. Social relations of class, gender and race, and the way professionals and institutions handle them vary from one context to the next. Post-breakup regimes of inequality thus remain nationally embedded.<\/p>\n<h3>France Has Long Neglected Economic Transfers Between Separated Parents<\/h3>\n<p>What does this specifically mean for child support? Although the French and Quebec Civil Codes define it in very similar terms, judges and lawyers in France confer less importance to it than their Quebec counterparts, tending to exempt lower-class fathers in precarious situations and to limit sums owed by wealthy fathers. Their working conditions are conducive to this practice: in overloaded and understaffed courts, the time devoted to each case is crunched, as are the appointments with clients whose legal fees are covered by legal aid. Legal practitioners are all the less likely to challenge former spouses who agree on an amount below the guidelines, or even no child support, as these agreements seem to conform to the norm of the \u2018good negotiated divorce<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Th\u00e9ry Ir\u00e8ne, 1993, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.odilejacob.fr\/catalogue\/sciences-humaines\/sociologie\/demariage_9782738102096.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>Le d\u00e9mariage. Justice et vie priv\u00e9e<\/i><\/a><i>,<\/i> Paris, Odile Jacob.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, , which values individual responsibility and cooperation between former partners. These professional practices reflect representations of gender roles as well as the needs of children and youth. Most family judges are women, and they have to counter the suspicion of partiality hanging over them\u2009\u2013\u2009a suspicion that father groups voice, as do parts of the legal profession and the media. Moreover, unlike in common law countries, feminist legal theory has not gained much traction in French courts. Judges therefore recognise more male paid work in the professional sphere than female free work in the domestic sphere. As members of the public and cultivated parts of the upper-middle class, they may also consider the consumption practices of children from the economic bourgeoisie to be illegitimate.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Le Collectif Onze, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.odilejacob.fr\/catalogue\/sciences-humaines\/sociologie\/au-tribunal-des-couples_9782738130532.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>Au tribunal des couples<\/i>. <i>Enqu\u00eate sur des affaires familiales<\/i><\/a>, Paris, Odile Jacob. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14310\" style=\"width: 460px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caf.fr\/allocataires\/caf-du-val-d-oise\/actualites-departementales\/l-allocation-de-soutien-familial-augmente-de-50\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14310\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14310\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-16-21-42-Lallocation-de-soutien-familial-augmente-de-50-Bienvenue-sur-Caf.fr_.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-16-21-42-Lallocation-de-soutien-familial-augmente-de-50-Bienvenue-sur-Caf.fr_.png 756w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-16-21-42-Lallocation-de-soutien-familial-augmente-de-50-Bienvenue-sur-Caf.fr_-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-16-21-42-Lallocation-de-soutien-familial-augmente-de-50-Bienvenue-sur-Caf.fr_-174x146.png 174w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-16-21-42-Lallocation-de-soutien-familial-augmente-de-50-Bienvenue-sur-Caf.fr_-50x42.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-26-at-16-21-42-Lallocation-de-soutien-familial-augmente-de-50-Bienvenue-sur-Caf.fr_-89x75.png 89w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14310\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the article &#8220;The family support allowance increases by 50%&#8221;, website of the French National Family Allowance Fund, November 2022<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Finally, these professionals take into account the public redistribution system, which has targeted single-parent families since the 1970s. Knowing that a social benefit\u2009\u2013\u2009the Family Support Allowance (ASF)\u2009\u2013\u2009can replace child support if the father cannot contribute, judges regularly refer mothers to the Family Benefit Office (CAF), doubling the steps required of them, as well as the institutional surveillance of their private lives, since the ASF can only be paid if they remain uncoupled.<\/p>\n<p>The longstanding priority granted to public redistribution over private transfers has devalued child support in the eyes of professionals and parents alike while perpetuating protectionism towards lone mothers, who are recipients of conditional solidarity rather than citizens with autonomous rights. Supported by male top officials and hardly challenged by feminist movements relatively uninvolved in the matter<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_14500_1('footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Revillard Anne, 2009, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-l-annee-sociologique-2009-2-page-345.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le droit de la famille: outil d\u2019une justice de genre ? Les d\u00e9fenseurs de la cause des femmes face au r\u00e8glement juridique des cons\u00e9quences financi\u00e8res du divorce en France et au Qu\u00e9bec (1975\u20132000).\u00a0\u00bb<\/a>, <i>L\u2019Ann\u00e9e sociologique<\/i>, 59, p.345\u2013370.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_14500_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>,<\/p>\n<p>, this conception has resulted in a situation where the non-payment of child support\u2009\u2013\u2009a known issue since the 1970s\u2009\u2013\u2009remains background noise yielding public inaction. In contrast to Quebec, where a major reform in the mid-1990s aimed to both increase the amount and its payment, this conception has prevented child support from being seen as a factor of equality between women and men or as a right of the child. Thus, the Justice Ministry\u2019s stated goal since 2010 has been to standardise the calculation of child support across the nation rather than to enhance it.<\/p>\n<h3>A Recent Needed but Insufficient Reform<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_14292\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gouv.qc.ca\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/contenu\/documents\/Fr__francais_\/centredoc\/publications\/couple-famille\/modele_quebecois_regime_pa.pdf\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14292\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14292\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-38-01-Le-modele-quebecois-de-fixation-des-pensions-alimentaires-pour-enfants-modele_quebecois_regime_pa.pdf.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-38-01-Le-modele-quebecois-de-fixation-des-pensions-alimentaires-pour-enfants-modele_quebecois_regime_pa.pdf.png 600w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-38-01-Le-modele-quebecois-de-fixation-des-pensions-alimentaires-pour-enfants-modele_quebecois_regime_pa.pdf-300x216.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-38-01-Le-modele-quebecois-de-fixation-des-pensions-alimentaires-pour-enfants-modele_quebecois_regime_pa.pdf-203x146.png 203w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-38-01-Le-modele-quebecois-de-fixation-des-pensions-alimentaires-pour-enfants-modele_quebecois_regime_pa.pdf-50x36.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-23-at-13-38-01-Le-modele-quebecois-de-fixation-des-pensions-alimentaires-pour-enfants-modele_quebecois_regime_pa.pdf-104x75.png 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14292\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guide developed by the Quebec Ministry of Justice, April 2023<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Around ten years ago, top officials, activists and academics made child support a public problem. Since the beginning of 2023 (more than 25 years after Quebec), <a href=\"https:\/\/pension-alimentaire.caf.fr\/\">an agency under the CNAF<\/a> has been collecting child support from the debtor parent, and transferring it to the creditor parent. This new program aims to prevent non-payment, avoid confrontation between parents and reduce the administrative burden. In addition, the ASF was significantly increased at the end of 2022 (up to 187 euros per child). But these reforms will fall short if \u2018loneliness\u2019 remains a condition for receiving the ASF, if the share of separations in which no child support is set continues to increase while its amount decreases, and if the method for calculating social benefits and income taxes penalises child support recipients. Conversely, across the Atlantic, the absence of an ASF puts children whose fathers are unable to pay for a more precarious situation.<\/p>\n<p>Child support is as technical as it is a political issue. Its technicality complicates its understanding by the parents involved, and even strains relations between legal practitioners, on the one hand, and professionals of the socio-fiscal system on the other given that their remits and means of action differ. Its rigorous analysis with social science methods aims to foster an informed and collective discussion of this policy tool, which is essential to reducing post-breakup inequality.<\/p>\n<h5>Co deeper into the subject<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Read Emilie Biland\u2019s article on \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/marital-separations-and-the-non-emancipation-of-women\/?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marital separations and women\u2019s (non) emancipation<\/a>\u2019 published in COGITO in April 2020:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre>Sociologist and political scientist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/cso\/en\/researcher\/Emilie%20Biland-Curinier\/7639.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00c9milie Biland-Curinier<\/a> is a full university professor at the Center for the Sociology of Organizations. She is interested in the legal mechanisms that shape individuals in their private lives through parental roles and in their professional lives, and that contribute to the differentiation and ranking of social status according to class, gender, sexuality and race. A member of the University Institute of France, she works on LGBT+ parents\u2019 relationships to law and justice in France, Canada and Chile, as well as on ordinary experiences of law during the pandemic. <a href=\"https:\/\/sciencespo.hal.science\/search\/index\/?structId_i=301587&amp;q=authIdHal_s%3A%22emilie-biland%22\">See her publications.<\/a><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_14500_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_14500_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_14500_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_14500_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Vaus David, Matthew Gray Lixia Qu et David Stanton, 2017, \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajs4.13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> The Economic Consequences of Divorce in Six OECD Countries<\/a>. \u00bb, <i>Australian Journal of Social Issues<\/i>, 52 (2): 180\u201399.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bonnet Carole, Garbinti Bertrand et Solaz Anne, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/fichier\/2017508\/COUFAM15d_D3_Niveau-de-vie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Les variations de niveau de vie des hommes et des femmes \u00e0 la suite d&#8217;un divorce ou d&#8217;une rupture de Pacs<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Insee R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/i>, 2015.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bessi\u00e8re C\u00e9line et Gollac Sibylle, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.editionsladecouverte.fr\/le_genre_du_capital-9782348044380\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>Le genre du capital. Comment la famille reproduit les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s<\/i><\/a>, Paris, La D\u00e9couverte.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Champagne Clara, Pailh\u00e9 Ariane et Solaz Anne, 2015, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/25-ans-de-participation-des-hommes-et-des-femmes-au-Champagne-Pailh%C3%A9\/b9ef220fb987268b4a76c019b4fdd2b367217d6a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">25 ans de participation des hommes et des femmes au travail domestique : quels facteurs d\u2019\u00e9volutions ?<\/a> \u00bb, <i>\u00c9conomie et Statistique<\/i>, 478-479-480, p. 209-241.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Perivier &amp; alii. &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ofce.sciences-po.fr\/pdf-articles\/actu\/helene.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00c9tude sur la situation \u00e9conomique et sociale des parents isol\u00e9s. Niveau de vie, march\u00e9 du travail et politiques publiques<\/a>, rapport OFCE, janvier 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gollac Sibylle (dir.), 2022, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-03926569\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Parents au tribunal. La coparentalit\u00e9 fa\u00e7onn\u00e9e par l\u2019institution judiciaire\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, rapport de recherche de l\u2019\u00e9quipe Justines (Justice et in\u00e9galit\u00e9s au prisme des sciences sociales) pour la Caisse nationale des allocations familiale &#8211; CNAF.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hakovirta Mia et Merita Mesi\u00e4islehto, 2022, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-international-and-comparative-social-policy\/article\/lone-mothers-and-child-support-receipt-in-21-european-countries\/A9FB186F0ACA72327BC8721D74AED63F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lone mothers and child support receipt in 21 European countries<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy<\/i>, 38(1), p. 36\u201356.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bonnet Carole, Garbinti Bertrand, Solaz Anne, 2015, \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1283568\">\u00a0Les conditions de vie des enfants apr\u00e8s le divorce<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Insee premi\u00e8re<\/i>, 1536.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gallant, Estelle. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/rcdip.164.0649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Divorce international<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Revue critique de droit international priv\u00e9<\/i>, vol. 4, no. 4, 2016, pp. 649-656. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Th\u00e9ry Ir\u00e8ne, 1993, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.odilejacob.fr\/catalogue\/sciences-humaines\/sociologie\/demariage_9782738102096.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>Le d\u00e9mariage. Justice et vie priv\u00e9e<\/i><\/a><i>,<\/i> Paris, Odile Jacob.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Le Collectif Onze, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.odilejacob.fr\/catalogue\/sciences-humaines\/sociologie\/au-tribunal-des-couples_9782738130532.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>Au tribunal des couples<\/i>. <i>Enqu\u00eate sur des affaires familiales<\/i><\/a>, Paris, Odile Jacob. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_14500_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_14500_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Revillard Anne, 2009, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-l-annee-sociologique-2009-2-page-345.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le droit de la famille: outil d\u2019une justice de genre ? Les d\u00e9fenseurs de la cause des femmes face au r\u00e8glement juridique des cons\u00e9quences financi\u00e8res du divorce en France et au Qu\u00e9bec (1975\u20132000).\u00a0\u00bb<\/a>, <i>L\u2019Ann\u00e9e sociologique<\/i>, 59, p.345\u2013370.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_14500_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_14500_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_14500_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_14500_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_14500_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_14500_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_14500_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_14500_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_14500_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_14500_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_14500_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_14500_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_14500_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_14500_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by \u00c9milie Biland-Curinier Child Support, a Major Root of Gender Inequality After Parental Separation Marital separations increase economic inequality between women and men. 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