{"id":12150,"date":"2021-07-08T06:30:14","date_gmt":"2021-07-08T04:30:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=12150"},"modified":"2021-07-08T08:28:26","modified_gmt":"2021-07-08T06:28:26","slug":"reading-and-rereading-halevy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/reading-and-rereading-halevy\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Reading and Rereading Hal\u00e9vy"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11780\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Halevy_portraitOK.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Halevy_portraitOK.jpg 160w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Halevy_portraitOK-92x146.jpg 92w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Halevy_portraitOK-31x50.jpg 31w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Halevy_portraitOK-47x75.jpg 47w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" \/>A theorist of Liberalism and the Crisis of Democratic Societies<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>By Marie Scot, Centre of History<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In 2015, \u00c9ditions Les Belles Lettres, in partnership with Sciences Po<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Under the patronage of Jean-Claude Casanova, former president of the <i>Fondation nationale des sciences politiques<\/i>, and Jean-Luc Parodi, executor of \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy&#8217;s archives, and under the research supervision of historians Vincent Duclert and Marie Scot. To date, the following have been published by Les Belles Lettres: <i>Correspondance et \u00e9crits de guerre 1914-1919<\/i> [Wartime Correspondence and Writings] (2016), <i>L&#8217;\u00c8re des tyrannies<\/i> [The Era of Tyrannies] and unpublished works (2016), <i>Histoire du socialisme europ\u00e9en<\/i> [History of European Socialism] and unpublished works (2016), <i>\u00c9tudes anglaises<\/i> [English Studies] (2021), and <i>\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy philosophe, Platon<\/i> [Philosopher \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy, Plato] (2021), as well as the proceedings of a colloquium organized in November 2016 in Sucy-en-Brie and at Sciences Po, <i>\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy et l&#8217;\u00e8re des tyrannies. Histoire, philosophie et politique au 20e si\u00e8cle<\/i> [\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy and the Era of Tyrannies. History, Philosophy, and Politics in the 20th century] (2019).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, republished the complete works of a frequently overlooked 21st-century intellectual, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy (1870\u20131937). Why republish and reread his work?<br \/>\nA renowned Sciences Po professor of the interwar period who taught the history of political ideas and European socialism, an author of monumental works on British intellectual and political history<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><i>La formation du radicalisme philosophique<\/i> (1901-1904) compte trois volumes\u00a0: La Jeunesse de Bentham, L\u2019\u00e9volution de la doctrine utilitaire, Le radicalisme philosophique. <i>L\u2019histoire du peuple anglais<\/i> (1912-1946) en propose six : L\u2019Angleterre en 1815, Du lendemain de Waterloo \u00e0 la veille du Reform Bill (1815-1830), De la crise du Reform Bill \u00e0 l\u2019av\u00e8nement de sir Robert Peel (1830-1841), Le milieu du si\u00e8cle (1841-1852), \u00c9pilogue I : les imp\u00e9rialistes au pouvoir (1895-1905), \u00c9pilogue II : La d\u00e9mocratie sociale et vers la guerre (1905-1914).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, and an intellectual known for his writings about the English political model (<i>The Birth of Methodism<\/i>, 1906, <i>History of the English People<\/i>, 1912\u20131946) and European totalitarianism (<i>The Age of Tyrannies<\/i>, 1938), he was a singural and visionary historian, a bridge builder between France and Great Britain, and a theorist of the crisis of democratic societies.<\/p>\n<h3>The \u2018Philosopher Historian\u2019<\/h3>\n<p>A philosopher by training, a historian by profession, and a socio-politician by practice, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy\u2019s career is a testament to the emergence of a new approach to knowledge production at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.<\/p>\n<p>After graduating from the \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure with an <i>agr\u00e9gation <\/i>in philosophy in 1892, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy founded the <i>Revue de m\u00e9taphysique et de morale<\/i> [Journal of metaphysics and morals] in 1893 and published his thesis on <i>The Platonic Theory of Science<\/i> three years later. However, several developments were unfolding at the time that would determine his trajectory: a professional conversion from the university <i>cursus honorum<\/i> to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/stories\/#!\/fr\/frise\/6\/fondation-de-l-elsp-les-caracteres-essentiels\/\">\u00c9cole libre des sciences politiques<\/a>, a disciplinary shift from philosophy to history, a geographical shift from the Greek shores to English coasts, and a chronological shift from Antiquity to the present. In 1897, Sciences Po director <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/stories\/#!\/fr\/portrait\/40\/emile-boutmy\/\">\u00c9mile Boutmy<\/a> entrusted him with six lectures on the theorist of utilitarianism and liberalism <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremy_Bentham\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jeremy Bentham<\/a>. Deemed successful, this teaching experience recurred in 1898 in the form of a course on <i>The History of Ideas and the Public Spirit in England<\/i>, followed in 1901 by a second course on <i>European Socialism<\/i>. He would go on to teach these two courses for more than thirty years. Faithful to the credos of Sciences Po, he tried his hand at comparative approaches by exploring the English field, delving into the immediate history of the 19th and 20th centuries, and rejecting disciplinary confines by bridging philosophy, history, political science, and political economy.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11782\" style=\"width: 230px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesbelleslettres.com\/livre\/824-histoire-du-socialisme-europeen\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11782\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11782\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174710.1623157724.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174710.1623157724.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174710.1623157724-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174710.1623157724-94x146.jpg 94w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174710.1623157724-32x50.jpg 32w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174710.1623157724-48x75.jpg 48w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11782\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Histoire du socialisme europ\u00e9en<br \/>\u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes, tome III<\/p><\/div>\n<p>As a \u2018philosopher-historian\u2019, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy maintained an undefined and fluid disciplinary identity at a time when the social sciences were slowly becoming independent and institutionalised. \u2018Writing a history of political ideas does not have to mean avoiding [\u2026] consideration of economic, religious, and literary factors [\u2026], nor does it mean neglecting the history of facts<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy, \u201cPolitical science courses: history of the public spirit in England from 1760 to 1840\u201d, sd. ca. 1898-1899, in Id, <i>\u00c9tudes anglaises<\/i> [English studies], volume V of the Complete works of \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy edited by Marie Scot, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2021, p. 48-118, quote p. 57.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. His studies on t<i>he birth of methodism<\/i>, on the f<i>ormation of political radicalism<\/i>, on liberalism and utilitarianism, on the <i>History of European Socialism<\/i>, and on British imperialism, inextricably linked ideology and politics, economics and social dynamics, culture and religion, and the local and the international, taking a global perspective.<\/p>\n<p>Attentive to how doctrines are produced, disseminated, and received, Hal\u00e9vy systematically put them to the test of historical facts. His analysis of the workings of decision-making and the limits of the actors\u2019 agency during political reform or a diplomatic crisis, contributed to the field of administrative history. After delving into the power of mass movements\u2009\u2013\u2009evangelism, anti-slavery, free trade, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chartism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">chartism<\/a>, socialism, and nationalism\u2009\u2013\u2009he depicted a social and cultural history of political mobilizations that was sensitive to the role of representations, religion, propaganda, and the press in the formation of public opinion.<\/p>\n<p>To do so, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy drew freely from the investigative tools of history (using archives and an internal and external criticism of sources), philology (translation and publication of texts and sources), and emerging political science and sociology (interviews, field surveys, participant observation). An avid reader, he appropriated scientific literature by unreservedly embracing the art of critical reviews and was involved in French and British scientific controversies. Through his work and investigative methods, and theoretical and methodological approaches to global history, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy thus contributed to the emerging research world in the humanities and social sciences.<\/p>\n<h3>\u2018<b>I am a Frenchman writing a History of England\u2019\u2009<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Recognised as one of the leading\/preeminent French experts on Great Britain, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy bridged the two sides of the Channel, the French and British academic and intellectual worlds, and the two great European liberal powers, which were sometimes allies and often rivals. His work is worth rereading as Brexit and mutual misunderstandings weigh on the Euro-British relationship.<br \/>\nWhile his work is part of the French liberal and Anglophile tradition in English studies, the Great Britain studied by \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy is not the abstract political and legal system of the Enlightenment philosophers and <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctrinaires_(politique)\">Doctrinaires<\/a>. Nor is it the \u2018milieu\u2019 in which the \u2018English race\u2019 was forged, according to the deterministic theories of the psychology of peoples developed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/stories\/#!\/fr\/portrait\/37\/hippolyte-taine\/\">Hippolyte Taine<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/stories\/#!\/fr\/portrait\/40\/emile-boutmy\/\">\u00c9mile Boutmy<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/stories\/#!\/fr\/portrait\/35\/andre-siegfried\/\">Andr\u00e9 Siegfried<\/a>. \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy\u2019s Great Britain is a laboratory for the <i>in vivo <\/i>observation of liberalism and socialism, which he sought to study in all their formations, mutations, and intellectual hybridisation to the same extent as the political experiments, the national specificities, and the historical failures.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11784\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11784\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11784\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1688-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1688-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1688-260x146.jpg 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1688-50x28.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1688-134x75.jpg 134w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1688.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11784\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">William of Orange being welcomed to England during the Glorious Revolution. Droits inconnus.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The inter-Channel world is also conducive to the comparative perspective and the analysis of circulations that \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy favoured. As a precursor of comparative and global history, he studied the English understanding of the American and French revolutions. The latter, interpreted in light of the <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glorieuse_R%C3%A9volution\"><i>Glorious Revolution<\/i><\/a> and utilitarianism, was controversial and contributed to the emergence of two competing conceptions of liberalism (<i>Political science courses<\/i>, 1899). In his articles devoted to <i>The Birth of Methodism<\/i>, he describes the circulation of religious theories and practices from Germany to Great Britain, via the United States. In a pioneering manner, and in keeping with his field\u2009\u2013\u2009a more or less (dis) United Kingdom\u2009\u2013\u2009he sought to analyse the multilevel interplay by integrating the regional level.<\/p>\n<p>Reluctant to study France, because it was too emotional and familiar of a subject, and spared by \u2018the German crisis of French thought\u2019, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy found in the English field the \u2018right distance\u2019 to his subjects. Decentring formed an antidote to methodological nationalism and ethnocentrism, which did not spare the scientific field in the era of nation states. Aware that the social sciences cannot escape the \u2018point of view\u2019 constraint, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy tracked down the interpretive biases provoked by national pride, exposed national prejudices and stereotypes, and pushed for a de-compartmentalised perspective both in science\u2009\u2013\u2009via familiarity with British scientific production and academic circles\u2009\u2013\u2009and in politics. In his writings on European diplomacy and British foreign policy before and after the war, he expressed a dissonant voice on the genesis and nature of the Entente Cordiale, the responsibilities of World War I, and the achievement of peace.<\/p>\n<h3>A Democratic Intellectual in the Age of Tyrannies<\/h3>\n<p>A \u2018democratic intellectual\u2019, to use the expression coined by Vincent Duclert<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Vincent Duclert, Introduction \u00ab \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy et <i>L\u2019\u00c8re des tyrannies<\/i>. De l\u2019historien philosophe \u00e0 l\u2019intellectuel d\u00e9mocratique \u00bb, <i>in<\/i> \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy, <i>L\u2019\u00c8re des tyrannies,<\/i> \u00e9dit\u00e9 par Vincent Duclert, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2016, p. 23-41.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy continuously studied European societies afflicted with liberal fatigue, the crisis of representative democracy, the failures of democratic socialism, the pitfalls of imperialism, and the assaults of nationalist passions. His clear-eyed analysis touches on many of our contemporary concerns.<br \/>\nBorn in September 1870, four days after the French defeat at Sedan by Prussia, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy witnessed the last gasps of the first political and economic liberalism, until then defended and embodied by the great British power. His contemporary writings on philosophy and political economy probe the impasses of economic liberalism in relation to Marxist theory (<i>Thomas Hodgskin<\/i>, <i>The Distribution of Wealth<\/i>) and the pitfalls of \u2018organisational socialism\u2019 (<i>The Economic Doctrine of Saint-Simon<\/i>). His study of British imperialism (<i>England and its empire<\/i>) underscores the contradictions that plagued the great liberal power in the imperial age, exacerbated by the nationalist turn of the 1890s and the abandonment of free trade.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11786\" style=\"width: 230px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesbelleslettres.com\/livre\/345-correspondance-et-ecrits-de-guerre\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11786\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11786\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174180.1623157155.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174180.1623157155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174180.1623157155-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174180.1623157155-94x146.jpg 94w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174180.1623157155-32x50.jpg 32w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/174180.1623157155-48x75.jpg 48w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11786\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Correspondance et \u00e9crits de guerre<br \/>(1914-1919). \u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes, tome I<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Reduced to public silence during the Great War, during which he worked as a military nurse, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy reveals the subtleties of his \u2018reasoned patriotism\u2019 in his private correspondence. Although he considered the war necessary because it was defensive, he always deemed it absurd and refrained from participating in propaganda operations and sinking into anti-Germanism. He also developed the conviction that peace would be short-lived. Thus, \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy revised his work plan and areas of study at the end of the global conflict to address current events and integrate the analysis of international relations. The Entente Cordiale and the march to war were the subject of numerous articles in which the historian went over war responsibilities, which he considered to be shared, the peace agreement, which he condemned for its intransigence, and the principle of nationalities, which he believed were inapplicable and dangerous.<\/p>\n<p>The philosopher-historian refined his political interpretation of the interwar period<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_12150_1('footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Textes r\u00e9unis dans <i>L\u2019\u00c8re des tyrannies<\/i>, volume II des \u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes d\u2019\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy, \u00e9dit\u00e9 sous la direction de Vincent Duclert, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2016, notamment \u00ab Une interpr\u00e9tation de la crise mondiale de 1914-1918 \u00bb, conf\u00e9rences prononc\u00e9es \u00e0 Oxford en 1926, p. 232-262 et \u00ab L\u2019\u00e8re des tyrannies \u00bb, s\u00e9ance de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de philosophie du 28 novembre 1936, p. 277-295.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_12150_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>,\u00a0dominated by a deep concern about the future of 19th century emancipatory ideologies. The war, by multiplying the State\u2019s areas of intervention and by breaking the balance between individual and public power, derailed both political liberalism and democratic socialism, bedevilled by bureaucratic and nationalist tendencies. This imbalance is common to all Western countries and is particularly acute in the case of the Italian, German and Soviet \u2018tyrannies\u2019, which Hal\u00e9vy brings together in a pioneering way in his work by highlighting two shared characteristics\u2009\u2013\u2009the organisation of enthusiasm (propaganda) and the use of violence.<\/p>\n<p>Pessimistic about the prospects for democratic socialism, whose contradictions he underscores, as well as the capacity of liberal democracies to resist tyranny, he nevertheless expressed reasoned optimism until his death in 1937, fuelled by his confidence in the \u2018greatness, decadence and <i>persistence<\/i> of liberalism in England\u2019 and in the moral, philosophical, and political strength of the democratic ideal, which he sought and worked to intellectually rearm.<\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/histoire\/en\/researcher\/Marie%20Scot\/76287.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marie Scot<\/a> is a professor at the Institut d\u2019\u00e9tudes politiques de\u00a0Paris and a researcher at Sciences Po\u2019s Centre for History. Her research is based on a dual perspective that draws on the history of higher education and research (Great Britain, France) and the transnational history of social sciences.<\/pre>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_12150_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_12150_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_12150_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_12150_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_12150_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Under the patronage of Jean-Claude Casanova, former president of the <i>Fondation nationale des sciences politiques<\/i>, and Jean-Luc Parodi, executor of \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy&#8217;s archives, and under the research supervision of historians Vincent Duclert and Marie Scot. To date, the following have been published by Les Belles Lettres: <i>Correspondance et \u00e9crits de guerre 1914-1919<\/i> [Wartime Correspondence and Writings] (2016), <i>L&#8217;\u00c8re des tyrannies<\/i> [The Era of Tyrannies] and unpublished works (2016), <i>Histoire du socialisme europ\u00e9en<\/i> [History of European Socialism] and unpublished works (2016), <i>\u00c9tudes anglaises<\/i> [English Studies] (2021), and <i>\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy philosophe, Platon<\/i> [Philosopher \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy, Plato] (2021), as well as the proceedings of a colloquium organized in November 2016 in Sucy-en-Brie and at Sciences Po, <i>\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy et l&#8217;\u00e8re des tyrannies. Histoire, philosophie et politique au 20e si\u00e8cle<\/i> [\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy and the Era of Tyrannies. History, Philosophy, and Politics in the 20th century] (2019).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_12150_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><i>La formation du radicalisme philosophique<\/i> (1901-1904) compte trois volumes\u00a0: La Jeunesse de Bentham, L\u2019\u00e9volution de la doctrine utilitaire, Le radicalisme philosophique. <i>L\u2019histoire du peuple anglais<\/i> (1912-1946) en propose six : L\u2019Angleterre en 1815, Du lendemain de Waterloo \u00e0 la veille du Reform Bill (1815-1830), De la crise du Reform Bill \u00e0 l\u2019av\u00e8nement de sir Robert Peel (1830-1841), Le milieu du si\u00e8cle (1841-1852), \u00c9pilogue I : les imp\u00e9rialistes au pouvoir (1895-1905), \u00c9pilogue II : La d\u00e9mocratie sociale et vers la guerre (1905-1914).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_12150_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy, \u201cPolitical science courses: history of the public spirit in England from 1760 to 1840\u201d, sd. ca. 1898-1899, in Id, <i>\u00c9tudes anglaises<\/i> [English studies], volume V of the Complete works of \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy edited by Marie Scot, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2021, p. 48-118, quote p. 57.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_12150_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Vincent Duclert, Introduction \u00ab \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy et <i>L\u2019\u00c8re des tyrannies<\/i>. De l\u2019historien philosophe \u00e0 l\u2019intellectuel d\u00e9mocratique \u00bb, <i>in<\/i> \u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy, <i>L\u2019\u00c8re des tyrannies,<\/i> \u00e9dit\u00e9 par Vincent Duclert, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2016, p. 23-41.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_12150_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_12150_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_12150_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Textes r\u00e9unis dans <i>L\u2019\u00c8re des tyrannies<\/i>, volume II des \u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes d\u2019\u00c9lie Hal\u00e9vy, \u00e9dit\u00e9 sous la direction de Vincent Duclert, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2016, notamment \u00ab Une interpr\u00e9tation de la crise mondiale de 1914-1918 \u00bb, conf\u00e9rences prononc\u00e9es \u00e0 Oxford en 1926, p. 232-262 et \u00ab L\u2019\u00e8re des tyrannies \u00bb, s\u00e9ance de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de philosophie du 28 novembre 1936, p. 277-295.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_12150_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_12150_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_12150_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_12150_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_12150_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_12150_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_12150_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_12150_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_12150_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_12150_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_12150_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_12150_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_12150_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_12150_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A theorist of Liberalism and the Crisis of Democratic Societies By Marie Scot, Centre of History In 2015, \u00c9ditions Les Belles Lettres, in partnership with<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11789,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,283],"tags":[222,81],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12150\/?lang=en"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/?lang=en"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/?lang=en"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3\/?lang=en"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?lang=en&post=12150"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12150\/revisions\/?lang=en"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12154,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12150\/revisions\/12154\/?lang=en"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11789\/?lang=en"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?lang=en&parent=12150"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?lang=en&post=12150"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?lang=en&post=12150"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}