{"id":11537,"date":"2021-05-17T08:00:08","date_gmt":"2021-05-17T06:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/lethnicite-comme-rempart-aux-derives-antidemocratiques\/"},"modified":"2021-05-17T15:32:52","modified_gmt":"2021-05-17T13:32:52","slug":"politics-of-ethnicity-and-democratic-resilience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/politics-of-ethnicity-and-democratic-resilience\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Politics of Ethnicity and Democratic Resilience"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><i>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/centre-etudes-europeennes\/en\/researcher\/jan-rovny\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jan Rovny<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11322\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11322\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11322\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-112x75.jpg 112w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11322\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Melinda Nagy, Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The democratisation of central and eastern Europe was initially celebrated as a historical success story. A European subcontinent moved from communist authoritarian regimes to reasonably functioning democracies based on competitive political systems with the rotation of power. However, by the second decade of the 21st century, the grapes of democracy started to sour. A number of countries, most notably Hungary and Poland, elected leaders and parties who explicitly aim to circumscribe pluralism, undermine independent media, and limit judicial oversight, establishing what the Hungarian Prime Minister, Victor Orb\u00e1n, calls \u201cilliberal democracy.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Academic studies of this democratic backsliding proposes a number of important causes<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Vachudova, Milada Anna, 2021 \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-polisci-041719-102711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Populism, Democracy and Party System Change in Europe<\/a> \u00bb, <em>Annual Review of Political Science<\/em>, vol. 24.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. It focuses primarily on the political and economic transition of the region, suggesting that democratization was largely an emulation of the west, rather than a profound transformation. The economic strains of transition alienated segments of the population and undermined democratic legitimacy<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bohle, Dorothee, et B\u00e9la Greskovits. 2007. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402380701276287\">Neoliberalism, embedded neoliberalism and<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402380701276287\">neocorporatism: Towards transnational capitalism in Central-Eastern Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb,<i> West <\/i><i>European Politics<\/i> ; Bohle, Dorothee, et B\u00e9la Greskovits. 2009. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie\/article\/varieties-of-capitalism-and-capitalism-tout-court\/E3D3971D3D858F077FB419198C688834\">Varieties of Capitalism and Capitalism tout court.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>European Journal of Sociology<\/i> ; cf. Orenstein, Mitchell Alexander. 2001. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.umich.edu\/11536\/out_of_the_red\"><i>Out of the red: building capitalism and democracy in postcommunist Europe<\/i><\/a>, University of Michigan Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The expectations of the European Union (EU) that guided the transformation in the context of European accession, induced formal institutional construction and legal adaptation, but did not result in a genuine normative shift<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Grzymala-Busse, A., &amp; A. Innes. 2003. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0888325402239684\">Great expectations: The EU and domestic political <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0888325402239684\">competition in East Central Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics and Societies<\/i> ; Cianetti, Licia, James Dawson et Sean Hanley. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2018.1491401\">Rethinking &#8220;democratic backsliding&#8221; in Central and Eastern Europe&#8211; looking beyond Hungary and Poland<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/i>. Once inside the EU, Brussels lost the capacity to control these countries, and the leadership of the region was free to pursue their unscrupulous political aims<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bozoki, Andras, &amp; Eszter Simon. 2019. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/central-and-southeast-european-politics-since-1989\/two-faces-of-hungary\/8588E51F01451C27A2F9FCF09B1B3BE7\/core-reader\">Two Faces of Hungary<\/a> \u00bb Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 ; Hanley, Sean, et Milada Anna Vachudova. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2018.1493457\">Understanding the illiberal turn: democratic backsliding in the Czech Republic<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics<\/i> ; Kreko, Peter, et Zsolt Enyedi. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/explaining-eastern-europe-orbans-laboratory-of-illiberalism\/\">Explaining Eastern Europe: Orban\u2019s Laboratory of Illiberalism.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb J<i>ournal of Democracy<\/i> ; Sata, Robert, &amp; Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski. 2020. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2019.1703694\">Caesarean politics in Hungary and Poland<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics<\/i>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<h4>Ethnic Diversity of Eastern European Societies<\/h4>\n<p>This research, however, overlooks the observation that democratic backsliding tends to take place in societies that are ethnically more homogeneous \u2014 where ethnic minorities are either very small or politically not significant. While some countries in central and eastern Europe, such as the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, have few politically organised minorities, other countries in the region, such as Bulgaria, Estonia or Latvia, have important and politically mobilised ethnic groups. Considering the relationship between ethnic heterogeneity and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.v-dem.net\/fr\/\">democratic backsliding<\/a> (figure 1), it is clear that backsliding tends to occur significantly more in homogeneous societies. Why is this the case?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1: <b>\u00a0Decline in democracy and ethnic heterogeneity<\/b><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11324\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-219x146.png 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-50x33.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-113x75.png 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1.png 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>To answer this question, my research focuses on the interplay between ethnic politics and political competition, and highlights the important positive role played by significant, politically organised ethnic minorities. To the extent that ethnic minorities are permanent minorities \u2014 that is, to the extent that they are unable to exit their minority status either by creating an independent polity, or by joining their ethnic kin state \u2014 they seek to preserve their group identity in a state they cannot control. In short, permanent minorities seek protection from the tyranny of the majority. The most effective group preservation of permanent minorities is the pursuit of liberal political arrangements that would limit the power of the majority, and grant rights and liberties to individuals and minority groups. Politically organised minority groups thus seek to limit the tyranny of the majority through counter-majoritarian institutions, such as legal oversight of the executive, as well as the preservation of legal equality, individual and group rights, and civil liberties. This political effort on the part of minority representatives bolsters liberal politics and reinforces liberal democracy.<\/p>\n<h4>The Positive Role of Ethnic Minorities<\/h4>\n<p>This is a novel argument that goes counter to most expectations. Ethnic politics is traditionally seen as a source of nothing but trouble. The extensive literature on ethnic politics has few positive expectations concerning ethnicity and politics. It views ethnicity as a potential source of conflict needing institutional mediation to maintain peaceful relations among groups<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lijphart, Arend. 1977. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt1dszvhq\">Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration<\/a>, Yale University Press.; Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520227064\/ethnic-groups-in-conflict-updated-edition-with-a-new-preface\">Ethnic groups in conflict<\/a>., Univ of California Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The political impact of unfettered ethnicity is seen as potentially leading to ethnic particularism that undermines collective interests, impairs democracy<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Akdede, Sacit Hadi. 2010. \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165176509003498\">\u00a0Do more ethnically and religiously diverse countries have lower <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165176509003498\">democratization?<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>Economics Letters<\/i> ;\u00a0 Barro, Robert J. 1999. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11127-019-00742-z\">Determinants of democracy<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Political economy ; <\/i>\u00a0Fish, M Steven et Robin S Brooks. 2004. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/does-diversity-hurt-democracy\/\">Does diversity hurt democracy?<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of democracy <\/i>; Fish, Steven M et Matthew Kroenig. 2006. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/polisci.berkeley.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/people\/u3833\/DiversityConflictandDemocracy.pdf\">Diversity, conflict and democracy: Some evidence from Eurasia and East Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Democratization<\/i> ; Jensen, Carsten, &amp; Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2012. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13510347.2011.619777\">Modernization, ethnic fractionalization, and democracy<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Democratization.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/i>, destabilises polities, prevents effective provision of public goods, and on occasion descends to ethnic conflict and civil war<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Easterly, William, &amp; Ross Levine. 1997. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qje\/article\/112\/4\/1203\/1911730\">Africa&#8217;s growth tragedy: policies and ethnic <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qje\/article\/112\/4\/1203\/1911730\">divisions<\/a>.&#8221; <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/i>; Fearon, James D, &amp; David D Laitin. 1996. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/2945838.pdf\">Explaining interethnic cooperation<\/a>.&#8221; <i>American political science review<\/i>., Cederman, Lars-Erik, Simon Hug, Andreas Sch\u00e4del, &amp; Julian Wucherpfennig. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/american-political-science-review\/article\/territorial-autonomy-in-the-shadow-of-conflict-too-little-too-late\/9B8A3B5DC42371C27E26D389C42D0C92\">Territorial autonomy in the shadow of conflict: Too little, too late?&#8221; <\/a>\u00a0, <i>American Political Science Review<\/i>; Wucherpfennig, Julian, Philipp Hunziker, &amp; Lars-Erik Cederman. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24877461\">Who Inherits the State? Colonial Rule and Postcolonial Conflict<\/a>.&#8221; <i>American Journal of Political Science.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>My focus is, however, on the role of ethnic politics in the context of relatively stable, peaceful and democratic politics. Departing from the central observation that ethnic minorities are keenly concerned about their self-preservation, I argue that certain political contexts lead them to seek liberal remedies to their minority predicament<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kymlicka, Will. 1995. <a href=\"https:\/\/oxford.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.1093\/0198290918.001.0001\/acprof-9780198290919\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Multicultural Citizenship<\/em><\/a>. Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. This ethnic liberalism is conditional, and can be cross-pressured by various factors. When ethnic minorities face deep ethnic animosity and cannot find any partners among the majority; or when ethnic identity is deeply entrenched in religion which is by definition exclusive, particularistic and conservatising<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, Anna. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/paperback\/9780691164762\/nations-under-god\"><i>Nations under God: How churches use moral authority to influence policy<\/i><\/a>, Princeton University Press; Gerring, John, Michael Hoffman, et Dominic Zarecki. 2016. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-journal-of-political-science\/article\/diverse-effects-of-diversity-on-democracy\/6D33A5A58ADD41BAAF9D6551600360C9\">The Diverse Effects of Diverstiy on Democracy.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>British Journal of Political Science.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <\/i>or when ethnic groups are too small or too weak to mobilise and successfully contest elections, their liberalism fails. Also, when minorities see a path to exiting their minority status, they may prefer the destabilisation of their polity instead<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rovny, Jan, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-02459013\/document\">Circumstantial Liberals: Czech Germans in Interwar Czechoslovakia\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, LIEPP Working Paper, janvier 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11331\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11331\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11331 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-195x146.jpg 195w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-50x38.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11331\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstration for the Autonomy of Sz\u00e9kelyf\u00f6ld (Sz\u00e9kely Land) \u00a9 Derzsi Elekes Andor, Budapest, 2013<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The presence of politically significant ethnic minorities generally provides an impetus for liberal democracy. Ethnic minority representatives \u2014 be they specifically ethnic minority parties, or more general political organisations seeking ethnic support \u2014 pursue the reinforcement of civil rights and liberties, strengthening the liberal political pole in the country. The presence of significant ethnic minorities induces the contestation of ethnic issues across the polity<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rovny, Jan 2014 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/world-politics\/article\/communism-federalism-and-ethnic-minorities-explaining-party-competition-patterns-in-eastern-europe\/2FFF20C0F46C151667C64AD7A1C04B73\">Communism, Federalism, and Ethnic Minorities: Explaining Party Competition Patterns in Eastern Europe<\/a>\u201d, <i>World Politics.<\/i><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, This causes polarisation, mobilising national populist backlash against minorities on the one hand<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bustikova, Lenka. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core_title\/gb\/533405\"><i>Extreme reactions: Radical right mobilization in eastern Europe<\/i><\/a>, Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. This alters the political dynamics of heterogeneous societies. While emboldening radical right, it simultaneously reinforces a liberal opposition. In this situation, moderate parties face a wider set of political partners, while parties supporting liberal rights counterbalance the radical right.<\/p>\n<h4>Fairly Flexible Partners<\/h4>\n<p>Ethnic representatives tend to be good partners. Previous research shows that they tend to have loyal electorates<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Birnir, Johanna Kristin. 2007. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/ethnicity-and-electoral-politics\/7ED34C5132DF68D4B34012256EA1BC7F\"><i>Ethnicity and electoral politics<\/i><\/a> Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> and also tend to be relatively flexible members of governing coalitions. Their focus on civil rights and liberties is offset by relative flexibility on other issues, such as the economy<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Aha, Katharine. 2019. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1354068819881125\">Resilient incumbents: Ethnic minority political parties and voter <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1354068819881125\">accountability.\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb <i>Party Politics<\/i>; Aha, Katharine. 2019. Interethnic Coalitions in Post-Communist Europe, Manuscrit non publi\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. They are thus useful collaborators, supporting governments of diverse moderate parties of both the left and the right. When in government, ethnic representatives ensure the maintenance of basic counter-majoritarian principles that are central to democratic functioning.<br \/>\nThe presence of politically organised ethnic minorities thus acts as a bulwark against democratic backsliding. Ethnic minority representatives reinforce liberal democracy due to their inherent interest in protecting their group in the face of the majority. Ethnic politics create a national populist backlash, while simultaneously providing a liberal counterbalance.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 2: Predicting Democracy<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11326\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11326\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11326 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-219x146.png 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-50x33.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-113x75.png 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2.png 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11326\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The left panel of figure 2 shows the marginal effect of nationalist populist electoral strength on democracy as ethnic heterogeneity changes. It demonstrates that the electoral strength of the radical right has a strong negative effect on democracy, but only when ethnic heterogeneity is low. As ethnic heterogeneity increases, the corrosive influence of nationalist populists declines towards zero, as organised ethnic representatives provide a counterbalance.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The right panel of figure 2 shows the effect of ethnic minority government participation on democracy, while controlling for GDP per capita, income inequality, unemployment levels, quality of government, and EU membership. It demonstrates that when ethnic minority representatives participate in government, a country\u2019s democracy score (cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.v-dem.net\/fr\/\">supra<\/a>) is significantly higher. These dynamics are absent in societies that do not have significant ethnic minorities that can mobilise and influence political competition.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11334\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11334\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11334 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w-300x144.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w-260x125.jpg 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w-50x24.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w-150x72.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11334\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cPoland to the Poles\u201d. Warsaw Independence March 2015. \u00a9 Piotr Drabik via Flickr<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Ethnic politics thus isn\u2019t uniformly harmful. Permanent ethnic minorities have a keen sense of preventing the tyranny of the majority, which is central to democratic functioning. Seeking to limit the majority, ethnic representatives infuse politics with liberal aims. While this emboldens a reaction of the nationalist radical right that is the key driver of democratic decline<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11537_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Palonen, Emilia. 2018. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14782804.2018.1498776\">Performing the nation: the Janus-faced populist foundations of <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14782804.2018.1498776\">illiberalism in Hungary<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Contemporary European Studies<\/i>\u00a0 ; Plattner, Marc F. 2019. \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/illiberal-democracy-and-the-struggle-on-the-right\/\">\u00a0Illiberal Democracy and the Struggle on the Right<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Democracy<\/i> .<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11537_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, it simultaneously engenders a liberal opposition. Ethnically heterogeneous countries see the presence of sometimes virulent radical right, but they maintain a liberal political pole underpinned by structured electoral groups in existential need of equality, civil rights, and liberties. It is for this reason that democratic backsliding is most pronounced in countries with small or political unorganised minorities, like Hungary and Poland, while democracy is more resilient in heterogeneous countries with large and politically organised minorities, such as Estonia or Latvia.<\/p>\n<pre>Associate Professor, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/centre-etudes-europeennes\/en\/researcher\/jan-rovny\">Jan Rovny<\/a> is a researcher at the Center for European Studies and Compared Politics of Sciences Po (CEE), and at the Interdisciplinary Research Center for the Evaluation of Public Policies (LIEPP). His research concentrates on political competition in Europe with the aim of uncovering the ideological conflict lines in different countries.<\/pre>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11537_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11537_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11537_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_11537_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Vachudova, Milada Anna, 2021 \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-polisci-041719-102711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Populism, Democracy and Party System Change in Europe<\/a> \u00bb, <em>Annual Review of Political Science<\/em>, vol. 24.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bohle, Dorothee, et B\u00e9la Greskovits. 2007. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402380701276287\">Neoliberalism, embedded neoliberalism and<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402380701276287\">neocorporatism: Towards transnational capitalism in Central-Eastern Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb,<i> West <\/i><i>European Politics<\/i> ; Bohle, Dorothee, et B\u00e9la Greskovits. 2009. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie\/article\/varieties-of-capitalism-and-capitalism-tout-court\/E3D3971D3D858F077FB419198C688834\">Varieties of Capitalism and Capitalism tout court.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>European Journal of Sociology<\/i> ; cf. Orenstein, Mitchell Alexander. 2001. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.umich.edu\/11536\/out_of_the_red\"><i>Out of the red: building capitalism and democracy in postcommunist Europe<\/i><\/a>, University of Michigan Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Grzymala-Busse, A., &amp; A. Innes. 2003. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0888325402239684\">Great expectations: The EU and domestic political <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0888325402239684\">competition in East Central Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics and Societies<\/i> ; Cianetti, Licia, James Dawson et Sean Hanley. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2018.1491401\">Rethinking &#8220;democratic backsliding&#8221; in Central and Eastern Europe&#8211; looking beyond Hungary and Poland<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bozoki, Andras, &amp; Eszter Simon. 2019. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/central-and-southeast-european-politics-since-1989\/two-faces-of-hungary\/8588E51F01451C27A2F9FCF09B1B3BE7\/core-reader\">Two Faces of Hungary<\/a> \u00bb Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 ; Hanley, Sean, et Milada Anna Vachudova. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2018.1493457\">Understanding the illiberal turn: democratic backsliding in the Czech Republic<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics<\/i> ; Kreko, Peter, et Zsolt Enyedi. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/explaining-eastern-europe-orbans-laboratory-of-illiberalism\/\">Explaining Eastern Europe: Orban\u2019s Laboratory of Illiberalism.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb J<i>ournal of Democracy<\/i> ; Sata, Robert, &amp; Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski. 2020. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2019.1703694\">Caesarean politics in Hungary and Poland<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics<\/i>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lijphart, Arend. 1977. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt1dszvhq\">Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration<\/a>, Yale University Press.; Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520227064\/ethnic-groups-in-conflict-updated-edition-with-a-new-preface\">Ethnic groups in conflict<\/a>., Univ of California Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Akdede, Sacit Hadi. 2010. \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165176509003498\">\u00a0Do more ethnically and religiously diverse countries have lower <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165176509003498\">democratization?<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>Economics Letters<\/i> ;\u00a0 Barro, Robert J. 1999. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11127-019-00742-z\">Determinants of democracy<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Political economy ; <\/i>\u00a0Fish, M Steven et Robin S Brooks. 2004. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/does-diversity-hurt-democracy\/\">Does diversity hurt democracy?<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of democracy <\/i>; Fish, Steven M et Matthew Kroenig. 2006. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/polisci.berkeley.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/people\/u3833\/DiversityConflictandDemocracy.pdf\">Diversity, conflict and democracy: Some evidence from Eurasia and East Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Democratization<\/i> ; Jensen, Carsten, &amp; Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2012. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13510347.2011.619777\">Modernization, ethnic fractionalization, and democracy<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Democratization.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Easterly, William, &amp; Ross Levine. 1997. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qje\/article\/112\/4\/1203\/1911730\">Africa&#8217;s growth tragedy: policies and ethnic <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qje\/article\/112\/4\/1203\/1911730\">divisions<\/a>.&#8221; <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/i>; Fearon, James D, &amp; David D Laitin. 1996. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/2945838.pdf\">Explaining interethnic cooperation<\/a>.&#8221; <i>American political science review<\/i>., Cederman, Lars-Erik, Simon Hug, Andreas Sch\u00e4del, &amp; Julian Wucherpfennig. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/american-political-science-review\/article\/territorial-autonomy-in-the-shadow-of-conflict-too-little-too-late\/9B8A3B5DC42371C27E26D389C42D0C92\">Territorial autonomy in the shadow of conflict: Too little, too late?&#8221; <\/a>\u00a0, <i>American Political Science Review<\/i>; Wucherpfennig, Julian, Philipp Hunziker, &amp; Lars-Erik Cederman. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24877461\">Who Inherits the State? Colonial Rule and Postcolonial Conflict<\/a>.&#8221; <i>American Journal of Political Science.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kymlicka, Will. 1995. <a href=\"https:\/\/oxford.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.1093\/0198290918.001.0001\/acprof-9780198290919\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Multicultural Citizenship<\/em><\/a>. Oxford University Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, Anna. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/paperback\/9780691164762\/nations-under-god\"><i>Nations under God: How churches use moral authority to influence policy<\/i><\/a>, Princeton University Press; Gerring, John, Michael Hoffman, et Dominic Zarecki. 2016. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-journal-of-political-science\/article\/diverse-effects-of-diversity-on-democracy\/6D33A5A58ADD41BAAF9D6551600360C9\">The Diverse Effects of Diverstiy on Democracy.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>British Journal of Political Science.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rovny, Jan, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-02459013\/document\">Circumstantial Liberals: Czech Germans in Interwar Czechoslovakia\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, LIEPP Working Paper, janvier 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rovny, Jan 2014 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/world-politics\/article\/communism-federalism-and-ethnic-minorities-explaining-party-competition-patterns-in-eastern-europe\/2FFF20C0F46C151667C64AD7A1C04B73\">Communism, Federalism, and Ethnic Minorities: Explaining Party Competition Patterns in Eastern Europe<\/a>\u201d, <i>World Politics.<\/i><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bustikova, Lenka. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core_title\/gb\/533405\"><i>Extreme reactions: Radical right mobilization in eastern Europe<\/i><\/a>, Cambridge University Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Birnir, Johanna Kristin. 2007. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/ethnicity-and-electoral-politics\/7ED34C5132DF68D4B34012256EA1BC7F\"><i>Ethnicity and electoral politics<\/i><\/a> Cambridge University Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Aha, Katharine. 2019. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1354068819881125\">Resilient incumbents: Ethnic minority political parties and voter <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1354068819881125\">accountability.\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb <i>Party Politics<\/i>; Aha, Katharine. 2019. Interethnic Coalitions in Post-Communist Europe, Manuscrit non publi\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11537_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11537_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Palonen, Emilia. 2018. \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14782804.2018.1498776\">Performing the nation: the Janus-faced populist foundations of <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14782804.2018.1498776\">illiberalism in Hungary<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Contemporary European Studies<\/i>\u00a0 ; Plattner, Marc F. 2019. \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/illiberal-democracy-and-the-struggle-on-the-right\/\">\u00a0Illiberal Democracy and the Struggle on the Right<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Democracy<\/i> .<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_11537_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11537_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11537_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_11537_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11537_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11537_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11537_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11537_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11537_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_11537_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_11537_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11537_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_11537_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11537_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Jan Rovny The democratisation of central and eastern Europe was initially celebrated as a historical success story. 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