{"id":11321,"date":"2021-04-20T08:00:08","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T06:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=11321"},"modified":"2021-05-05T11:08:40","modified_gmt":"2021-05-05T09:08:40","slug":"lethnicite-comme-rempart-aux-derives-antidemocratiques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/lethnicite-comme-rempart-aux-derives-antidemocratiques\/","title":{"rendered":"Politiques de l\u2019ethnicit\u00e9 et r\u00e9silience d\u00e9mocratique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><i>Par <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/centre-etudes-europeennes\/fr\/chercheur\/jan-rovny\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jan Rovny<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11322\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11322\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11322\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386-112x75.jpg 112w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/shutterstock_1404450386.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11322\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Melinda Nagy, Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p>La d\u00e9mocratisation de l\u2019Europe centrale et orientale a d\u2019abord \u00e9t\u00e9 salu\u00e9e comme une r\u00e9ussite historique. Une large moiti\u00e9 du continent europ\u00e9en est pass\u00e9 de r\u00e9gimes communistes autoritaires \u00e0 des d\u00e9mocraties fonctionnant tant bien que mal sur la base de syst\u00e8mes politiques comp\u00e9titifs permettant des alternances au pouvoir. Cependant, ces dix derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, les raisins de la d\u00e9mocratie ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 tourner au vinaigre. Un certain nombre de pays, notamment la Hongrie et la Pologne, ont \u00e9lu des dirigeants et des partis qui cherchent explicitement \u00e0 circonscrire le pluralisme, \u00e0 affaiblir les m\u00e9dias ind\u00e9pendants et \u00e0 limiter les pr\u00e9rogatives du pouvoir judiciaire, en \u00e9tablissant ce que le Premier ministre hongrois Victor Orb\u00e1n a appel\u00e9 la \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9mocratie illib\u00e9rale\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Des \u00e9tudes universitaires portant sur cette \u00e9volution identifient plusieurs causes importantes<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Vachudova, Milada Anna, 2021 \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-polisci-041719-102711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Populism, Democracy and Party System Change in Europe<\/a> \u00bb, <em>Annual Review of Political Science<\/em>, vol. 24.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Portant essentiellement sur la transition politique et \u00e9conomique de la r\u00e9gion, ce travail sugg\u00e8re que la d\u00e9mocratisation est en grande partie une \u00e9mulation de l\u2019Occident plut\u00f4t qu\u2019une transformation profonde. La difficile transition \u00e9conomique a ali\u00e9n\u00e9 certaines couches de la population et sap\u00e9 la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bohle, Dorothee, et B\u00e9la Greskovits. 2007. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402380701276287\">Neoliberalism, embedded neoliberalism and<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402380701276287\">neocorporatism: Towards transnational capitalism in Central-Eastern Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb,<i> West <\/i><i>European Politics<\/i> ; Bohle, Dorothee, et B\u00e9la Greskovits. 2009. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie\/article\/varieties-of-capitalism-and-capitalism-tout-court\/E3D3971D3D858F077FB419198C688834\">Varieties of Capitalism and Capitalism tout court.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>European Journal of Sociology<\/i> ; cf. Orenstein, Mitchell Alexander. 2001. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.umich.edu\/11536\/out_of_the_red\"><i>Out of the red: building capitalism and democracy in postcommunist Europe<\/i><\/a>, University of Michigan Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Les attentes de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE) qui ont guid\u00e9 la transformation des syst\u00e8mes politiques suite \u00e0 ces adh\u00e9sions ont conduit \u00e0 une construction institutionnelle formelle et \u00e0 une adaptation de la l\u00e9gislation. Pour autant, ces derni\u00e8res n\u2019ont pas pu aboutir \u00e0 un changement normatif en profondeur<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Grzymala-Busse, A., &amp; A. Innes. 2003. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0888325402239684\">Great expectations: The EU and domestic political <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0888325402239684\">competition in East Central Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics and Societies<\/i> ; Cianetti, Licia, James Dawson et Sean Hanley. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2018.1491401\">Rethinking \u00ab\u00a0democratic backsliding\u00a0\u00bb in Central and Eastern Europe&#8211; looking beyond Hungary and Poland<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/i>. Une fois ces pays int\u00e9gr\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019UE, Bruxelles a perdu sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 les contr\u00f4ler. Les dirigeants de la r\u00e9gion ont alors pu poursuivre librement leurs objectifs politiques, pas toujours scrupuleux<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bozoki, Andras, &amp; Eszter Simon. 2019. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/central-and-southeast-european-politics-since-1989\/two-faces-of-hungary\/8588E51F01451C27A2F9FCF09B1B3BE7\/core-reader\">Two Faces of Hungary<\/a> \u00bb Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 ; Hanley, Sean, et Milada Anna Vachudova. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2018.1493457\">Understanding the illiberal turn: democratic backsliding in the Czech Republic<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics<\/i> ; Kreko, Peter, et Zsolt Enyedi. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/explaining-eastern-europe-orbans-laboratory-of-illiberalism\/\">Explaining Eastern Europe: Orban\u2019s Laboratory of Illiberalism.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb J<i>ournal of Democracy<\/i> ; Sata, Robert, &amp; Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski. 2020. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2019.1703694\">Caesarean politics in Hungary and Poland<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics<\/i>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<h4>Les dimensions ethniques des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s est-europ\u00e9ennes<\/h4>\n<p>Cette \u00e9tude fait toutefois abstraction du fait que la d\u00e9mocratie a tendance \u00e0 reculer dans des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s ethniquement homog\u00e8nes, o\u00f9 les minorit\u00e9s ethniques sont soit tr\u00e8s petites soit politiquement insignifiantes. Si certains pays d\u2019Europe centrale et orientale, comme la R\u00e9publique tch\u00e8que, la Hongrie et la Pologne, comptent peu de minorit\u00e9s politiquement organis\u00e9es, dans d\u2019autres pays de la r\u00e9gion, comme la Bulgarie, l\u2019Estonie ou la Lettonie, on d\u00e9nombre des groupes ethniques importants et politiquement mobilis\u00e9s. Si l\u2019on consid\u00e8re la relation entre l\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 ethnique et le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.v-dem.net\/fr\/\">recul de la d\u00e9mocratie<\/a> (figure\u00a01), il appara\u00eet clairement que la d\u00e9mocratie r\u00e9gresse de fa\u00e7on plus marqu\u00e9e dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s homog\u00e8nes. Pourquoi cela \u00a0?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure\u00a01\u00a0: Recul de la d\u00e9mocratie et h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 ethnique<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11324\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-219x146.png 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-50x33.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1-113x75.png 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image1.png 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question, mes recherches ont port\u00e9 sur l\u2019interaction entre la politique ethnique et la comp\u00e9tition politique, et soulignent le r\u00f4le positif jou\u00e9 par les minorit\u00e9s ethniques, lorsqu\u2019elles sont importantes et politiquement organis\u00e9es. D\u00e8s lors qu\u2019elles sont permanentes, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019elles ne parviennent pas \u00e0 sortir de leur statut de minorit\u00e9 en cr\u00e9ant un syst\u00e8me politique ind\u00e9pendant ou en rejoignant leur \u00c9tat-parent, elles cherchent \u00e0 pr\u00e9server leur identit\u00e9 de groupe au sein de leur pays de r\u00e9sidence. En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, les minorit\u00e9s permanentes cherchent \u00e0 se prot\u00e9ger de la tyrannie de la majorit\u00e9. La mani\u00e8re la plus efficace de pr\u00e9server les minorit\u00e9s permanentes consiste \u00e0 rechercher des accords politiques lib\u00e9raux qui limitent le pouvoir de la majorit\u00e9 et accordent des droits et des libert\u00e9s tant aux individus qu\u2019aux groupes minoritaires. Ces derniers, lorsqu\u2019ils sont organis\u00e9s politiquement, cherchent ainsi \u00e0 limiter la tyrannie de la majorit\u00e9 par le biais d\u2019institutions contre-majoritaires, telles que le contr\u00f4le l\u00e9gislatif de l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif, et \u00e0 pr\u00e9server l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 devant la loi, les droits individuels et collectifs et les libert\u00e9s civiles. Politiquement impliqu\u00e9s, ils soutiennent les politiques lib\u00e9rales \u2014 au sens politique \u2014 et renforcent la d\u00e9mocratie lib\u00e9rale (par opposition aux d\u00e9mocraties illib\u00e9rales).<\/p>\n<h4>Un impact potentiellement positif m\u00e9connu<\/h4>\n<p>Cet \u00e9tat de fait va \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de la plupart des id\u00e9es re\u00e7ues. Traditionnellement, la question ethnique est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une source permanente de difficult\u00e9s, notamment sur le plan politique. L\u2019abondante litt\u00e9rature scientifique sur le sujet suscite peu d\u2019espoir pr\u00e9sentant l\u2019ethnicit\u00e9 comme une source potentielle de conflit n\u00e9cessitant une m\u00e9diation institutionnelle pour maintenir des relations pacifiques entre les groupes<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lijphart, Arend. 1977. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt1dszvhq\">Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration<\/a>, Yale University Press.; Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520227064\/ethnic-groups-in-conflict-updated-edition-with-a-new-preface\">Ethnic groups in conflict<\/a>., Univ of California Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. L\u2019impact d\u2019une politique multiethnique est per\u00e7u comme favorisant les particularismes, portant ainsi atteinte aux int\u00e9r\u00eats collectifs. Nuisible \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Akdede, Sacit Hadi. 2010. \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165176509003498\">\u00a0Do more ethnically and religiously diverse countries have lower <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165176509003498\">democratization?<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>Economics Letters<\/i> ;\u00a0 Barro, Robert J. 1999. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11127-019-00742-z\">Determinants of democracy<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Political economy ; <\/i>\u00a0Fish, M Steven et Robin S Brooks. 2004. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/does-diversity-hurt-democracy\/\">Does diversity hurt democracy?<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of democracy <\/i>; Fish, Steven M et Matthew Kroenig. 2006. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/polisci.berkeley.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/people\/u3833\/DiversityConflictandDemocracy.pdf\">Diversity, conflict and democracy: Some evidence from Eurasia and East Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Democratization<\/i> ; Jensen, Carsten, &amp; Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2012. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13510347.2011.619777\">Modernization, ethnic fractionalization, and democracy<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Democratization.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/i>, une telle politique\u00a0 emp\u00eacherait de proposer aux citoyens un \u00ab bon gouvernement \u00bb et des politiques publiques visant le bien commun, et pourrait d\u00e9stabiliser les r\u00e9gimes. Elle pourrait m\u00eame engendrer conflits ethniques ou guerres civiles<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Easterly, William, &amp; Ross Levine. 1997. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qje\/article\/112\/4\/1203\/1911730\">Africa&rsquo;s growth tragedy: policies and ethnic <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qje\/article\/112\/4\/1203\/1911730\">divisions<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/i>; Fearon, James D, &amp; David D Laitin. 1996. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/2945838.pdf\">Explaining interethnic cooperation<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>American political science review<\/i>., Cederman, Lars-Erik, Simon Hug, Andreas Sch\u00e4del, &amp; Julian Wucherpfennig. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/american-political-science-review\/article\/territorial-autonomy-in-the-shadow-of-conflict-too-little-too-late\/9B8A3B5DC42371C27E26D389C42D0C92\">Territorial autonomy in the shadow of conflict: Too little, too late?\u00a0\u00bb <\/a>\u00a0, <i>American Political Science Review<\/i>; Wucherpfennig, Julian, Philipp Hunziker, &amp; Lars-Erik Cederman. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24877461\">Who Inherits the State? Colonial Rule and Postcolonial Conflict<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>American Journal of Political Science.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Je vois les choses autrement en m\u2019int\u00e9ressant au r\u00f4le de la politique ethnique dans le contexte d\u2019une politique relativement stable, pacifique et d\u00e9mocratique. En partant du constat central selon lequel les minorit\u00e9s ethniques sont pr\u00e9occup\u00e9es par leur propre pr\u00e9servation, j\u2019avance que certains contextes politiques les am\u00e8nent \u00e0 rechercher des rem\u00e8des lib\u00e9raux \u00e0 leurs difficult\u00e9s en tant que minorit\u00e9<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kymlicka, Will. 1995. <a href=\"https:\/\/oxford.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.1093\/0198290918.001.0001\/acprof-9780198290919\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Multicultural Citizenship<\/em><\/a>. Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. En effet, le lib\u00e9ralisme ethnique est soumis \u00e0 certaines conditions et peut \u00eatre soumis aux pressions de diff\u00e9rents facteurs. Lorsque les minorit\u00e9s ethniques sont confront\u00e9es \u00e0 une profonde animosit\u00e9 et ne trouvent pas de partenaires au sein de la majorit\u00e9, lorsque leur identit\u00e9 est ancr\u00e9e dans la religion qui, par d\u00e9finition, est exclusive<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, Anna. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/paperback\/9780691164762\/nations-under-god\"><i>Nations under God: How churches use moral authority to influence policy<\/i><\/a>, Princeton University Press; Gerring, John, Michael Hoffman, et Dominic Zarecki. 2016. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-journal-of-political-science\/article\/diverse-effects-of-diversity-on-democracy\/6D33A5A58ADD41BAAF9D6551600360C9\">The Diverse Effects of Diverstiy on Democracy.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>British Journal of Political Science.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <\/i>ou lorsque leurs groupes sont trop petits ou trop faibles pour se mobiliser et se pr\u00e9senter aux \u00e9lections, leurs aspirations peuvent ne pas \u00eatre lib\u00e9rales. De m\u00eame, lorsqu\u2019elles y voient un moyen de sortir de leur statut minoritaire, elles peuvent pr\u00e9f\u00e9rer d\u00e9stabiliser le syst\u00e8me politique<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rovny, Jan, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-02459013\/document\">Circumstantial Liberals: Czech Germans in Interwar Czechoslovakia\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, LIEPP Working Paper, janvier 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11331\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11331\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11331 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-195x146.jpg 195w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-50x38.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/Autonomy_for_Szekely_Land__-_2013.10.27_4.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11331\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstration for the Autonomy of Sz\u00e9kelyf\u00f6ld (Sz\u00e9kely Land) \u00a9 Derzsi Elekes Andor, Budapest, 2013<\/p><\/div>\n<p>La pr\u00e9sence de minorit\u00e9s ethniques qui disposent d\u2019un poids politique stimule g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la d\u00e9mocratie lib\u00e9rale. Leurs repr\u00e9sentants, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de partis de minorit\u00e9s ethniques ou d\u2019organisations politiques non sp\u00e9cifiquement ethniques, mais recherchant leur soutien, s\u2019efforcent de consolider les droits civils et les libert\u00e9s et renforcent ainsi le p\u00f4le politique lib\u00e9ral du pays. Leur pr\u00e9sence incite les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s concern\u00e9es \u2014 et plus particuli\u00e8rement les acteurs politiques \u2014 \u00e0 d\u00e9battre (et pol\u00e9miquer autour) des questions ethniques<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rovny, Jan 2014 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/world-politics\/article\/communism-federalism-and-ethnic-minorities-explaining-party-competition-patterns-in-eastern-europe\/2FFF20C0F46C151667C64AD7A1C04B73\">Communism, Federalism, and Ethnic Minorities: Explaining Party Competition Patterns in Eastern Europe<\/a>\u201d, <i>World Politics.<\/i><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Il s\u2019ensuit une polarisation produisant de violentes r\u00e9actions nationales-populistes contre les minorit\u00e9s d\u2019une part<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bustikova, Lenka. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core_title\/gb\/533405\"><i>Extreme reactions: Radical right mobilization in eastern Europe<\/i><\/a>, Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, et d\u00e9clenchant, d\u2019autre part, un soutien aux droits et aux libert\u00e9s, m\u00eame parmi les populations majoritaires une vague qui modifie la dynamique politique des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes. Ainsi, si l\u2019existence de minorit\u00e9s importantes enhardit la droite radicale, elle renforce dans le m\u00eame temps une opposition lib\u00e9rale. Dans cette configuration, les partis mod\u00e9r\u00e9s b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d\u2019un ensemble \u00e9largi de partenaires politiques, tandis que les partis soutenant les libert\u00e9s contrebalancent la droite radicale.<\/p>\n<h4>Des partenaires assez souples<\/h4>\n<p>Les repr\u00e9sentants des minorit\u00e9s ethniques sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de bons partenaires. Des recherches ant\u00e9rieures montrent que leur \u00e9lectorat est souvent fid\u00e8le<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Birnir, Johanna Kristin. 2007. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/ethnicity-and-electoral-politics\/7ED34C5132DF68D4B34012256EA1BC7F\"><i>Ethnicity and electoral politics<\/i><\/a> Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et qu\u2019ils ont tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre des membres relativement souples dans des coalitions au pouvoir. Leur int\u00e9r\u00eat envers les droits civils et les libert\u00e9s est compens\u00e9 par leur relative souplesse sur d\u2019autres questions, telles que l\u2019\u00e9conomie<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Aha, Katharine. 2019. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1354068819881125\">Resilient incumbents: Ethnic minority political parties and voter <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1354068819881125\">accountability.\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb <i>Party Politics<\/i>; Aha, Katharine. 2019. Interethnic Coalitions in Post-Communist Europe, Manuscrit non publi\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Par cons\u00e9quent, ils sont des alli\u00e9s utiles et soutiennent les gouvernements de divers partis mod\u00e9r\u00e9s qu\u2019ils soient de gauche ou de droite. Quand ils sont au gouvernement, ils veillent au maintien des principes contre-majoritaires de base qui sont au c\u0153ur du fonctionnement d\u00e9mocratique.<br \/>\nAinsi, la pr\u00e9sence de minorit\u00e9s ethniques politiquement organis\u00e9es agit comme un rempart contre le recul de la d\u00e9mocratie. Leurs repr\u00e9sentants renforcent la d\u00e9mocratie lib\u00e9rale en raison de leur int\u00e9r\u00eat fondamental \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger leur groupe face \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9. Les politiques inclusives envers les minorit\u00e9s ethniques suscitent de violentes r\u00e9actions nationales-populistes tout en g\u00e9n\u00e9rant un contrepoids lib\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 2 : Pr\u00e9dire la d\u00e9mocratie<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11326\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11326\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11326 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-219x146.png 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-50x33.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2-113x75.png 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/image2.png 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11326\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Le volet de gauche pr\u00e9dit le score de d\u00e9mocratie (V-Dem) en fonction du vote de la droite radicale et de l\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 ethnique. Le volet de droite pr\u00e9dit le score de d\u00e9mocratie (V-Dem) en fonction de la participation de partis ethniques au gouvernement.\u00a0 (\u00e0 PIB par habitant, in\u00e9galit\u00e9 de revenus, niveaux de ch\u00f4mage, qualit\u00e9 du gouvernement et appartenance \u00e0 l\u2019UE inchang\u00e9s).<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Le volet de gauche de la figure 2 montre l\u2019effet marginal de la force \u00e9lectorale des nationalistes populistes sur la d\u00e9mocratie quand l\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 ethnique est modifi\u00e9e. Il d\u00e9montre que la force \u00e9lectorale de la droite radicale a un effet n\u00e9gatif sur la d\u00e9mocratie, mais uniquement lorsque l\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 ethnique est faible. Quand elle augmente, l\u2019influence corrosive des nationalistes populistes se rapproche de z\u00e9ro, car les repr\u00e9sentants ethniques organis\u00e9s font contrepoids.<br \/>\nLe volet de droite de la figure 2 d\u00e9montre que lorsque les repr\u00e9sentants des minorit\u00e9s ethniques participent au gouvernement, l\u2019indice de d\u00e9mocratie (cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.v-dem.net\/fr\/\">supra<\/a>) d\u2019un pays est nettement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9. Ces dynamiques sont absentes des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s sans minorit\u00e9s ethniques importantes capables de se mobiliser et d\u2019influencer la concurrence politique.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11334\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11334\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11334\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w-300x144.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w-260x125.jpg 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w-50x24.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/22962271291_9bb09ff431_w-150x72.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11334\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00ab\u00a0La Pologne aux Polonais\u00a0\u00bb. Marche de l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de 2015, Varsovie. Cr\u00e9dits : Piotr Drabik via Flickr<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Une politique inclusive envers les minorit\u00e9s ethniques n\u2019est donc pas uniform\u00e9ment nuisible. Lorsqu\u2019elles sont permanentes, ces derni\u00e8res ont un sens aigu de la d\u00e9fense contre la tyrannie de la majorit\u00e9, qui est au c\u0153ur du fonctionnement d\u00e9mocratique. En cherchant \u00e0 limiter les marges de man\u0153uvre de la majorit\u00e9, les repr\u00e9sentants ethniques insufflent \u00e0 la politique des objectifs lib\u00e9raux qui, bien qu\u2019encouragent une r\u00e9action de la droite radicale nationaliste, principal moteur du d\u00e9clin d\u00e9mocratique<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11321_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Palonen, Emilia. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14782804.2018.1498776\">Performing the nation: the Janus-faced populist foundations of <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14782804.2018.1498776\">illiberalism in Hungary<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Contemporary European Studies<\/i>\u00a0 ; Plattner, Marc F. 2019. \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/illiberal-democracy-and-the-struggle-on-the-right\/\">\u00a0Illiberal Democracy and the Struggle on the Right<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Democracy<\/i> .<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11321_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, suscitent une opposition lib\u00e9rale. Les pays ethniquement h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes se retrouvent en pr\u00e9sence d\u2019une droite radicale parfois virulente, mais ils maintiennent un p\u00f4le politique lib\u00e9ral soutenu par des groupes \u00e9lectoraux structur\u00e9s d\u00e9fendant leur besoin existentiel d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9, de droits civils et de libert\u00e9s. C\u2019est pour cette raison que le recul de la d\u00e9mocratie est plus prononc\u00e9 dans les pays o\u00f9 les minorit\u00e9s sont petites ou politiquement inorganis\u00e9es, comme en Hongrie et en Pologne, alors que la d\u00e9mocratie r\u00e9siste mieux dans les pays h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes o\u00f9 les minorit\u00e9s sont importantes et politiquement organis\u00e9es, comme en Estonie ou en Lettonie.<\/p>\n<pre><i>Associate Profess<\/i>or, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/centre-etudes-europeennes\/fr\/chercheur\/jan-rovny.html\">Jan Rovny<\/a> est chercheur au Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes europ\u00e9ennes et de politique compar\u00e9e de Sciences Po (CEE), et au Laboratoire interdisciplinaire d\u2019\u00e9valuation des politiques publiques (LIEPP). Ses travaux se focalisent sur la comp\u00e9tition politique en Europe, avec pour objectif de mettre en \u00e9vidence les lignes de conflit id\u00e9ologique au sein de diff\u00e9rents pays.<\/pre>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11321_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11321_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11321_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_11321_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Vachudova, Milada Anna, 2021 \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-polisci-041719-102711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Populism, Democracy and Party System Change in Europe<\/a> \u00bb, <em>Annual Review of Political Science<\/em>, vol. 24.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bohle, Dorothee, et B\u00e9la Greskovits. 2007. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402380701276287\">Neoliberalism, embedded neoliberalism and<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01402380701276287\">neocorporatism: Towards transnational capitalism in Central-Eastern Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb,<i> West <\/i><i>European Politics<\/i> ; Bohle, Dorothee, et B\u00e9la Greskovits. 2009. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie\/article\/varieties-of-capitalism-and-capitalism-tout-court\/E3D3971D3D858F077FB419198C688834\">Varieties of Capitalism and Capitalism tout court.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>European Journal of Sociology<\/i> ; cf. Orenstein, Mitchell Alexander. 2001. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.umich.edu\/11536\/out_of_the_red\"><i>Out of the red: building capitalism and democracy in postcommunist Europe<\/i><\/a>, University of Michigan Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Grzymala-Busse, A., &amp; A. Innes. 2003. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0888325402239684\">Great expectations: The EU and domestic political <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0888325402239684\">competition in East Central Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics and Societies<\/i> ; Cianetti, Licia, James Dawson et Sean Hanley. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2018.1491401\">Rethinking \u00ab\u00a0democratic backsliding\u00a0\u00bb in Central and Eastern Europe&#8211; looking beyond Hungary and Poland<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bozoki, Andras, &amp; Eszter Simon. 2019. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/central-and-southeast-european-politics-since-1989\/two-faces-of-hungary\/8588E51F01451C27A2F9FCF09B1B3BE7\/core-reader\">Two Faces of Hungary<\/a> \u00bb Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 ; Hanley, Sean, et Milada Anna Vachudova. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2018.1493457\">Understanding the illiberal turn: democratic backsliding in the Czech Republic<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics<\/i> ; Kreko, Peter, et Zsolt Enyedi. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/explaining-eastern-europe-orbans-laboratory-of-illiberalism\/\">Explaining Eastern Europe: Orban\u2019s Laboratory of Illiberalism.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb J<i>ournal of Democracy<\/i> ; Sata, Robert, &amp; Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski. 2020. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21599165.2019.1703694\">Caesarean politics in Hungary and Poland<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>East European Politics<\/i>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lijphart, Arend. 1977. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt1dszvhq\">Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration<\/a>, Yale University Press.; Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520227064\/ethnic-groups-in-conflict-updated-edition-with-a-new-preface\">Ethnic groups in conflict<\/a>., Univ of California Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Akdede, Sacit Hadi. 2010. \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165176509003498\">\u00a0Do more ethnically and religiously diverse countries have lower <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165176509003498\">democratization?<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>Economics Letters<\/i> ;\u00a0 Barro, Robert J. 1999. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11127-019-00742-z\">Determinants of democracy<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Political economy ; <\/i>\u00a0Fish, M Steven et Robin S Brooks. 2004. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/does-diversity-hurt-democracy\/\">Does diversity hurt democracy?<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of democracy <\/i>; Fish, Steven M et Matthew Kroenig. 2006. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/polisci.berkeley.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/people\/u3833\/DiversityConflictandDemocracy.pdf\">Diversity, conflict and democracy: Some evidence from Eurasia and East Europe<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Democratization<\/i> ; Jensen, Carsten, &amp; Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2012. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13510347.2011.619777\">Modernization, ethnic fractionalization, and democracy<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Democratization.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Easterly, William, &amp; Ross Levine. 1997. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qje\/article\/112\/4\/1203\/1911730\">Africa&rsquo;s growth tragedy: policies and ethnic <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qje\/article\/112\/4\/1203\/1911730\">divisions<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/i>; Fearon, James D, &amp; David D Laitin. 1996. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/2945838.pdf\">Explaining interethnic cooperation<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>American political science review<\/i>., Cederman, Lars-Erik, Simon Hug, Andreas Sch\u00e4del, &amp; Julian Wucherpfennig. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/american-political-science-review\/article\/territorial-autonomy-in-the-shadow-of-conflict-too-little-too-late\/9B8A3B5DC42371C27E26D389C42D0C92\">Territorial autonomy in the shadow of conflict: Too little, too late?\u00a0\u00bb <\/a>\u00a0, <i>American Political Science Review<\/i>; Wucherpfennig, Julian, Philipp Hunziker, &amp; Lars-Erik Cederman. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24877461\">Who Inherits the State? Colonial Rule and Postcolonial Conflict<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>American Journal of Political Science.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kymlicka, Will. 1995. <a href=\"https:\/\/oxford.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.1093\/0198290918.001.0001\/acprof-9780198290919\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Multicultural Citizenship<\/em><\/a>. Oxford University Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Grzyma\u0142a-Busse, Anna. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/paperback\/9780691164762\/nations-under-god\"><i>Nations under God: How churches use moral authority to influence policy<\/i><\/a>, Princeton University Press; Gerring, John, Michael Hoffman, et Dominic Zarecki. 2016. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-journal-of-political-science\/article\/diverse-effects-of-diversity-on-democracy\/6D33A5A58ADD41BAAF9D6551600360C9\">The Diverse Effects of Diverstiy on Democracy.<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb <i>British Journal of Political Science.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rovny, Jan, \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-02459013\/document\">Circumstantial Liberals: Czech Germans in Interwar Czechoslovakia\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, LIEPP Working Paper, janvier 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rovny, Jan 2014 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/world-politics\/article\/communism-federalism-and-ethnic-minorities-explaining-party-competition-patterns-in-eastern-europe\/2FFF20C0F46C151667C64AD7A1C04B73\">Communism, Federalism, and Ethnic Minorities: Explaining Party Competition Patterns in Eastern Europe<\/a>\u201d, <i>World Politics.<\/i><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bustikova, Lenka. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core_title\/gb\/533405\"><i>Extreme reactions: Radical right mobilization in eastern Europe<\/i><\/a>, Cambridge University Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Birnir, Johanna Kristin. 2007. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/ethnicity-and-electoral-politics\/7ED34C5132DF68D4B34012256EA1BC7F\"><i>Ethnicity and electoral politics<\/i><\/a> Cambridge University Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Aha, Katharine. 2019. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1354068819881125\">Resilient incumbents: Ethnic minority political parties and voter <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1354068819881125\">accountability.\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb <i>Party Politics<\/i>; Aha, Katharine. 2019. Interethnic Coalitions in Post-Communist Europe, Manuscrit non publi\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11321_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11321_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Palonen, Emilia. 2018. \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14782804.2018.1498776\">Performing the nation: the Janus-faced populist foundations of <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14782804.2018.1498776\">illiberalism in Hungary<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Contemporary European Studies<\/i>\u00a0 ; Plattner, Marc F. 2019. \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/illiberal-democracy-and-the-struggle-on-the-right\/\">\u00a0Illiberal Democracy and the Struggle on the Right<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb <i>Journal of Democracy<\/i> .<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_11321_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11321_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11321_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_11321_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11321_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11321_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11321_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11321_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11321_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_11321_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_11321_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11321_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_11321_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11321_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Par Jan Rovny La d\u00e9mocratisation de l\u2019Europe centrale et orientale a d\u2019abord \u00e9t\u00e9 salu\u00e9e comme une r\u00e9ussite historique. Une large moiti\u00e9 du continent europ\u00e9en est<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11336,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317,280,278],"tags":[68],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11321"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11321"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11321\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11544,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11321\/revisions\/11544"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11336"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11321"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}