{"id":11175,"date":"2021-03-16T08:30:20","date_gmt":"2021-03-16T06:30:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/reguler-la-pauvrete-des-roms-les-cas-francais-italiens-et-espagnols\/"},"modified":"2021-03-16T16:28:23","modified_gmt":"2021-03-16T14:28:23","slug":"regulating-the-poverty-of-roma-migrants-the-french-italian-and-spanish-cases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/regulating-the-poverty-of-roma-migrants-the-french-italian-and-spanish-cases\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Regulating the Poverty of Roma Migrants: the French, Italian, and Spanish Cases"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>by Olivier Legros, C\u00e9line Bergeon, Marion Li\u00e8vre et <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/centre-etudes-europeennes\/en\/researcher\/tommaso-vitale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tommaso Vitale<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10585\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10585\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10585\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/423100035_f30caf36c6_w-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/423100035_f30caf36c6_w-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/423100035_f30caf36c6_w-195x146.jpg 195w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/423100035_f30caf36c6_w-50x38.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/423100035_f30caf36c6_w-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/423100035_f30caf36c6_w.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10585\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zingari di Roma. CC BY-NC 2.0, by giorgio via Flickr<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Generally speaking, the presence of foreigners in precarious situations appears to be a recurring problem for local governments. More than the difficulties encountered by migrants, it is the &#8220;vision of foreign poverty&#8221; that raises concerns<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bernardot M., 2008, <i>Loger les immigre\u0301s. La Sonacotra, 1956-2006<\/i>, Ed. du Croquant.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Public officials therefore often pursue interventions that oscillate between conditional integration and \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/revue-l-annee-sociologique-2018-1-page-233.htm#\">expulsion<\/a>\u201d. While these policies are fairly well documented, their medium and long-term effects remain obscure.<br \/>\nYet these policies, combining acts of rejection (evacuation of shantytowns, expulsion of people) with local housing and inclusion policy instruments, have serious consequences on the lives of the people concerned. Drawing on this observation, we undertook a research project* aiming to study these effects by examining the case of Roma migrants in French, Italian and Spanish cities.<\/p>\n<p>We focused on observing the main aspects of daily life \u2013 mobility, access to housing and economic resources, and social interactions (conviviality; friendships, strong and weak ties). To this end, we reconstituted 75 life trajectories and wrote 12 case studies. We combined a life course approach based on individuals with a comparative one in order to identify similarities and differences in the phenomena observed and, on this basis, to tease out the effects of context and personal trajectories on the integration process.<\/p>\n<h4>Three Hypotheses<\/h4>\n<p>As a first step, we formulated three hypotheses informed by our previous research.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The social and economic integration of migrants depends more on their social capital and skills than on public policy instruments and procedures. From this perspective, public action is only one resource among others available for migrants and newcomers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Given the intensity of repressive policies and skim-off mechanisms for housing and job inclusion, public action helps (de-)structure individual behavior and migratory communities. Thus, shantytown eviction policies undermine residential trajectories while increasing the vulnerability of the targeted populations. Moreover, it is highly likely that selective discrimination impact the social dynamics in shantytowns and squats.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Li\u00e8vre M., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-migrations-societe-2014-2-page-103.htm\">Ceux-l\u00e0 sont peu soign\u00e9s, peu d\u00e9brouillards&#8217;. Ethnographie des Roms roumains migrants \u00e0 Montpellier. Entre enjeux moraux et appartenance sociale<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Migrations Soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/i>, 2014.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333333;\">More than the targeted actions, it is the range of collective goods and services provided by the welfare state under common law that remain the main reference point for Roma migrants (as for the vast majority of the urban poor). From this perspective, targeted policy instruments would be ones among others to access social rights, welfare protections, and ultimately a better life.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>An Analysis of Daily Life<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_10583\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10583\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10583 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Jeunes_enfants_Roms-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Jeunes_enfants_Roms-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Jeunes_enfants_Roms-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Jeunes_enfants_Roms-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Jeunes_enfants_Roms-112x75.jpg 112w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Jeunes_enfants_Roms.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10583\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young Roma children, 2019, \u00a9 CC BY-SA 4.0 , Herv\u00e9 Agnoux<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Moving, finding housing, earning money, seeing family and friends, and meeting new people are all deeply intertwined social activities. International mobility, for example, can be largely shaped by housing and settlement options, which in turn depend on family networks. An individual\u2019s decision to move to another country or city may be attributable to a desire to be closer to relatives or friends and to pursue new economic opportunities. Over time, individuals design and implement strategies to access housing, earn a living, and maintain or build social relationships, combining their aspirations, skills, family burden and responsibility, as well as the structured opportunities coming from cities and neighbourhoods where they settle.<\/p>\n<h4>A Comparative Approach<\/h4>\n<p>Without willing to have a representative sample, impossible in a qualitative research, we vary the profiles (age, gender, economic situation, housing) and the contexts by conducting research in three countries: France, Italy and Spain. In these countries the \u201cRoma shantytowns\u201d, as well as begging or solid waste collection, are considered as local public problems. But while institutional actors have implemented specific public policies in Italy and France, this has not been the case in Spain thus far. These countries also have different national and local welfare systems. Comparing them is therefore relevant to assessing the extent to which, and how, the welfare state can interfere with migrants\u2019 practices and strategies in accessing care or integrating the job market.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10613\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/etre-rom-au-havre.com\/projet-femmes-et-roms\/#jp-carousel-230\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10613\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10613\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-19-imgl9505-jpg-Image-JPEG-700-\u00d7-466-pixels-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-19-imgl9505-jpg-Image-JPEG-700-\u00d7-466-pixels-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-19-imgl9505-jpg-Image-JPEG-700-\u00d7-466-pixels-219x146.png 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-19-imgl9505-jpg-Image-JPEG-700-\u00d7-466-pixels-50x33.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-19-imgl9505-jpg-Image-JPEG-700-\u00d7-466-pixels-113x75.png 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-19-imgl9505-jpg-Image-JPEG-700-\u00d7-466-pixels.png 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-10613\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Femmes Roms au Havre.Cr\u00e9dits image : \u00a9 2020 Jean-Luc Nail<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Par ailleurs, nous avons choisi d\u2019enqu\u00eater aussi bien dans des r\u00e9gions m\u00e9tropolitaines (Paris, Lille, Marseille, Bordeaux, Rome, Milan, Turin, Barcelone) que dans des villes de moins de 20\u2009000 habitants (Romano di Lombardia), sans oublier des agglom\u00e9rations de taille interm\u00e9diaire (Lecce, S\u00e9ville, Valence, Cordoue, Grenade, Malaga, Le Havre, Poitiers).<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, we decided to conduct our research across metropolitan areas (Paris, Lille, Marseille, Bordeaux, Rome, Milan, Turin, Barcelona), cities with less than 20,000 residents (Romano di Lombardia), and mid-sized cities (Lecce, Seville, Valencia, Cordoba, Grenada, Malaga, Le Havre, and Poitiers).<br \/>\nBesides urban structural differences, the local economic fabric varies from one city to the next, shaping the structural contexts of integration opportunities and therefore migrant behavior, sense of belonging, advocacy and meaning attributed to ties and attachments. Well known, these territories differ in the policies they implement. Even though policies to evict shantytowns and squats are currently most prevalent, cities pursue a diverse range of policy measures and instruments, whereas these are rare in smaller towns. On the flipside, the latter sometimes provide greater access to social rights than cities. All of these elements can influence migrants&#8217; residential choices<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cousin G., Legros O., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-annales-de-geographie-2014-6-page-1262.htm\">Gouverner par l\u2019e\u0301vacuation? L\u2019exemple des campements illicites en Seine\u2013Saint-Denis\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, <i>Annales de Ge\u0301ographie<\/i>, 2014.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, since comparisons of territories and their urban morphology and economic dynamics are key to migratory processes<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Waldinger R., Fitzgerald D., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/381916?journalCode=ajs\">Transnationalism in question<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb , <i>American Journal of Sociology, <\/i>2004.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>..<br \/>\nOften forced to live at the margins of cities and subject to frequent moves due to the evictions of squats and shantytowns, Roma migrants in precarious situations are difficult to reach. In order to overcome this obstacle, we included on our team researchers with a long ethnographic experience in studying Roma migrants, having relationships of trust with the inquired. Thus, 27 researchers were invited to collect and reconstitute Roma migrants&#8217; life trajectories.<\/p>\n<h4>Key Findings<\/h4>\n<p><i>Institutional violence as a backdrop to daily life practices<\/i><\/p>\n<p>With regard to public action in the urban peripheries, our research confirms that the policy programs generally labeled for fighting against poverty tend to occur against a backdrop of institutional violence; police harassment, expulsions, and precarious housing evictions <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Daniele U., Pasta S., Persico G., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/intersections.tk.mta.hu\/index.php\/intersections\/article\/view\/409\">From Public Enemy to Urban Ghost : Roma Migrants and the Dismantling of the Nomad Camp Systems in Milan and Rome<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics<\/i>, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. . This violence also unfolds in everyday discriminatory administrative practices, not to mention the multiple and varied forms of stigmatization denounced by advocacy groups. While this violence is not a hallmark of these places of advanced marginality, it is particularly intense, with major impacts on those at its receiving end \u2013 in this case, Roma migrants.<br \/>\nThe migrants are under pressure to demonstrate their skills and mobilize their social capital to contend with the public action: either to take advantage of it when possible (free movement within the European Union, welfare transferts and services), or to resist it by finding workarounds when public policy threatens their migratory goals<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Clave\u0301-Mercier A., Olivera M., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/intersections.tk.mta.hu\/index.php\/intersections\/article\/view\/390\">Inclusion and the \u2018Arts of Resistance\u2019. How Do Roma Migrants Develop Autonomy in the Context of Inclusion Policies?<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics<\/i>, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p><i>L\u2019importance de la &#8221;\u00a0raison domestique\u00a0&#8220;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>As one might expect, migrants are unequally endowed with rights, skills and resources. Hence a filtering process that is based not on the application of predefined criteria as in a migration policy, but rather on a process &#8211; never made explicit by local institutional actors &#8211; of testing individual and family capacities to resist and adapt to administrative contexts.<br \/>\nThe majority of the people studied in our research were found to have enough skills and resources to remain in the city or town where they settled, to establish ties and friendships, and to take advantage of local opportunities provided by institutions and civil society<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Vitale T., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1285\/i22804250v8i1p29\">Conflicts on Roma Settlements in Italian Cities: Normative Polarisation and Pragmatic Mediation<\/a> \u00bb , in <i>Palaver<\/i>, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. A fraction of them also managed to save, sometimes enough to finance a residential &#8220;project&#8221; in their hometowns.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10608\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.erudit.org\/fr\/revues\/lsp\/2019-n83-lsp04994\/1066090ar\/\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10608\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10608 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-14-2121910n-jpg-Image-JPEG-675-\u00d7-483-pixels-300x215.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-14-2121910n-jpg-Image-JPEG-675-\u00d7-483-pixels-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-14-2121910n-jpg-Image-JPEG-675-\u00d7-483-pixels-204x146.png 204w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-14-2121910n-jpg-Image-JPEG-675-\u00d7-483-pixels-50x36.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-14-2121910n-jpg-Image-JPEG-675-\u00d7-483-pixels-105x75.png 105w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screenshot_2021-01-14-2121910n-jpg-Image-JPEG-675-\u00d7-483-pixels.png 675w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-10608\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pr\u00e9sentation des territoires et dispositifs in Bourgois L., Li\u00e8vre M., 2019, &#8220;Les be\u0301ne\u0301voles, artisans institutionnalise\u0301s des politiques locales a\u0300 destination des migrants pre\u0301caires? \u00bb, Lien social et politiques<\/p><\/div>\n<p>To this end, they seize the &#8220;domestic reason&#8221;, defined as the knowledge and means that family members mobilize to counter the reasons of state when deemed necessary.<br \/>\nDetailed analysis of the trajectories also shows that this domestic reason<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Legros O., Li\u00e8vre M., 2018, &#8220;Domestic versus State Reason? How Roma Migrants in France deal with their Securitization&#8221;, in Huub Van Baar, Ana Ivasiuc and Regina Kreide, <i>The Politics of Security : Understanding and Challenging the Securitization of Europe\u2019s Roma, <\/i>Palgrave Macmillan.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> is not fixed: it evolves alongside the migration experience, integrating new elements: encounters increase migrants&#8217; social capital; the &#8220;discovery&#8221; of legal resources that can be deployed to counter an expulsion threat<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Foucault M., 2004, <i>Se\u0301curite\u0301, territoire, population. Cours au Colle\u0300ge de France, 1977-1978, EHESS, Gallimard, Seuil.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/i>. The search for &#8220;favors&#8221; through the activation of personal relationships remains a highly valuable mode of action among those surveyed, who often fall within the framework of &#8220;special regimes&#8221; set by institutional actors.<br \/>\nAt the same time, the presence of activists, social workers and associations<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bourgois L., Li\u00e8vre M., 2019, <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.erudit.org\/fr\/revues\/lsp\/2019-n83-lsp04994\/1066090ar\/\">Les be\u0301ne\u0301voles, artisans institutionnalise\u0301s des politiques locales a\u0300 destination des migrants pre\u0301caires?<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Lien social et politiques<\/i>, n\u00b083.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> , as well as the securing of rights (by obtaining a work contract or integration contract for example) encourage migrants to participate in local political mobilisations<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Maestri G., Vitale T., 2018, &#8220;A sociology of the camps&#8217; persisting architecture.\u2028Why did Rome not put an end to expensive ethnic housing policies? \u00bb , in Manuela Mendes, Teresa Sa\u0301 &amp; Joa\u0303o Cabral (eds), <i>Architecture and the Social Sciences. Inter- and Multidisciplinary Approaches between Society and Space<\/i>, Springer, pp. 197-218.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> .<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10587\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10587\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10587\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Manifestation_gilets_jaunes_gens_du_voyage-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Manifestation_gilets_jaunes_gens_du_voyage-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Manifestation_gilets_jaunes_gens_du_voyage-195x146.jpg 195w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Manifestation_gilets_jaunes_gens_du_voyage-50x38.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Manifestation_gilets_jaunes_gens_du_voyage-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/640px-Manifestation_gilets_jaunes_gens_du_voyage.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10587\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gens du voyage, Gilet Jaune : m\u00eame combat. Manifestation Paris, avril 2019. Cr\u00e9dits : Thomon, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikim\u00e9dia<\/p><\/div>\n<p><i>Social Interactions as Resources<\/i><\/p>\n<p>We confirmed that public policy as well as violence and institutional discriminations, have relevant consequences on Roma migrants. They force continuous adaptation, even if they <i>do not necessarily challenge existing forms of social interaction<\/i>. In this respect, Roma migrants are no different from most other migrants:<br \/>\n1) the extended family remains the primary sphere of social interaction. It even seems to strengthen in the context of migration, which pushes people to regroup because of advanced marginality of their living conditions. Many Roma migrants develop strong forms of familiar poli-activity and deep \u201ccombinatory skills\u201d;<br \/>\n2) based on mix of strong and weak ties, the group of peers cross ethnic boundaries and closed niches to constitute a reference in relation to which and within which strategies of upward mobility, integration, and social differentiation are conceived and pursued;<br \/>\n3) individuals are not limited to family and the strict ethnic group, since they navigate between two realms \u2013 that of the family and that of the context where they live and work<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Clav\u00e9-Mercier A., Coss\u00e9e C., Li\u00e8vre M., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-etudes-tsiganes-2019-1-page-38.html\">Des cate\u0301gories d\u2019action publique aux dispositifs\u00a0: regards sur les politiques de scolarisation des &#8220;enfants issus de familles itine\u0301rantes et de voyageurs<\/a> \u00bb, <i>\u00c9tudes Tsiganes<\/i>, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>;<br \/>\n4) for many of them precarity remains the same, with very poor housing conditions and limited access to formal labour market. Local welfare, presence of active advocacy groups for rights of the poor,\u00a0 and everyday policy making by cities and regions make the difference<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11175_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cousin G., Bianchi F., Vitale T., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1369183X.2020.1736993\">From Roma Autochthonous Homophily to Socialization and Community Building in the Parisian Metropolitan Region Shantytowns<\/a> \u00bb, in <i>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies<\/i>, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11175_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>This quick overview sheds light on what, for Roma migrants and for many other groups of indigent foreigners, constitute enabling conditions and social and economic integration processes: economic opportunities of course, but also the domestic sphere (the family\u2019s skills, ties, and ressources) which, in order to develop, must involve prospects for stabilization and embeddedness and, consequently, less evictions and institutional violence against poor foreigners.<\/p>\n<p>The research project &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/anr.fr\/Projet-ANR-15-CE28-0006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MARGinalization\/Inclusion: the medium- and long-term effects of foreign poverty regulation policies on target populations: the case of so-called &#8220;Roma&#8221; migrants in Western European cities (France, Italy, Spain)<\/a> \u2013 was supported by three research centers: the CITERES laboratory (CNRS\/University of Tours), the Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics (CNRS\/Sciences Po), and the Migrinter laboratory (CNRS\/University of Poitiers). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/centre-etudes-europeennes\/node\/16211\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<pre>Olivier Legros is lecturer of Geography at the University of Tours. Member of the\u00a0 team \"Arab World and Mediterranea\" of the CITERES Laboratory (CNRS-Tours University), his research deals with the relationship between policies to reduce poverty and social dynamics in popular neighbourhoods, mainly in France. He is the director of the Geography Department of the University of Tours.\r\nC\u00e9line Bergeon is geographer, lecturer at the University of Poitiers and member of the UMR 7301 MIGRINTER. She works on the relationships between migratory trajectories, precarious residential trajectories and housing practices of migrant populations in France and Spain. More recently, her work has focused on the geography of (in)hospitality towards migrant populations through the residential dimension.\u00a0\r\nMarion Li\u00e8vre is an anthropologist and a Postdoctoral Researcher (2013-currently) at the University of Montpellier 3. After having worked on nationalism, ethnicity and processes of collective identification in the frame of her Ph.D thesis completed in 2013 at the University of Montpellier 3\"Ethno-cultural nationalism and its relation to the culture of Roma in post-communist and multicultural Romania\",\u00a0 she actually work on the analysis of roma romanian migrants practices in relation with public policies in the framework of the MARG-IN (Marginalization\/Inclusion) research program, financed by the French National Research Agency (ANR).\u00a0\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tommaso Vitale is an associate professor of sociology affiliated with the Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics (CNRS\/Sciences Po) and scientific\u00a0 director of the MSc\u00a0 on Governing Large Metropolises at the Urban School. His main research topics are in the fields of comparative urban sociology and comparative political sociology. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/centre-etudes-europeennes\/fr\/chercheur\/tommaso-vitale\">Learn more<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/pre>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11175_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11175_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11175_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_11175_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bernardot M., 2008, <i>Loger les immigre\u0301s. La Sonacotra, 1956-2006<\/i>, Ed. du Croquant.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Li\u00e8vre M., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-migrations-societe-2014-2-page-103.htm\">Ceux-l\u00e0 sont peu soign\u00e9s, peu d\u00e9brouillards&#8217;. Ethnographie des Roms roumains migrants \u00e0 Montpellier. Entre enjeux moraux et appartenance sociale<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Migrations Soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/i>, 2014.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cousin G., Legros O., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-annales-de-geographie-2014-6-page-1262.htm\">Gouverner par l\u2019e\u0301vacuation? L\u2019exemple des campements illicites en Seine\u2013Saint-Denis\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, <i>Annales de Ge\u0301ographie<\/i>, 2014.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Waldinger R., Fitzgerald D., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/381916?journalCode=ajs\">Transnationalism in question<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb , <i>American Journal of Sociology, <\/i>2004.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Daniele U., Pasta S., Persico G., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/intersections.tk.mta.hu\/index.php\/intersections\/article\/view\/409\">From Public Enemy to Urban Ghost : Roma Migrants and the Dismantling of the Nomad Camp Systems in Milan and Rome<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics<\/i>, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Clave\u0301-Mercier A., Olivera M., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/intersections.tk.mta.hu\/index.php\/intersections\/article\/view\/390\">Inclusion and the \u2018Arts of Resistance\u2019. How Do Roma Migrants Develop Autonomy in the Context of Inclusion Policies?<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics<\/i>, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Vitale T., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1285\/i22804250v8i1p29\">Conflicts on Roma Settlements in Italian Cities: Normative Polarisation and Pragmatic Mediation<\/a> \u00bb , in <i>Palaver<\/i>, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Legros O., Li\u00e8vre M., 2018, &#8220;Domestic versus State Reason? How Roma Migrants in France deal with their Securitization&#8221;, in Huub Van Baar, Ana Ivasiuc and Regina Kreide, <i>The Politics of Security : Understanding and Challenging the Securitization of Europe\u2019s Roma, <\/i>Palgrave Macmillan.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Foucault M., 2004, <i>Se\u0301curite\u0301, territoire, population. Cours au Colle\u0300ge de France, 1977-1978, EHESS, Gallimard, Seuil.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bourgois L., Li\u00e8vre M., 2019, <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.erudit.org\/fr\/revues\/lsp\/2019-n83-lsp04994\/1066090ar\/\">Les be\u0301ne\u0301voles, artisans institutionnalise\u0301s des politiques locales a\u0300 destination des migrants pre\u0301caires?<\/a> \u00bb, <i>Lien social et politiques<\/i>, n\u00b083.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Maestri G., Vitale T., 2018, &#8220;A sociology of the camps&#8217; persisting architecture.\u2028Why did Rome not put an end to expensive ethnic housing policies? \u00bb , in Manuela Mendes, Teresa Sa\u0301 &amp; Joa\u0303o Cabral (eds), <i>Architecture and the Social Sciences. Inter- and Multidisciplinary Approaches between Society and Space<\/i>, Springer, pp. 197-218.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Clav\u00e9-Mercier A., Coss\u00e9e C., Li\u00e8vre M., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-etudes-tsiganes-2019-1-page-38.html\">Des cate\u0301gories d\u2019action publique aux dispositifs\u00a0: regards sur les politiques de scolarisation des &#8220;enfants issus de familles itine\u0301rantes et de voyageurs<\/a> \u00bb, <i>\u00c9tudes Tsiganes<\/i>, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11175_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11175_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11175_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cousin G., Bianchi F., Vitale T., <span class=\"aCOpRe\">\u00ab <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1369183X.2020.1736993\">From Roma Autochthonous Homophily to Socialization and Community Building in the Parisian Metropolitan Region Shantytowns<\/a> \u00bb, in <i>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies<\/i>, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_11175_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11175_1').show(); 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