{"id":11129,"date":"2021-03-16T12:15:12","date_gmt":"2021-03-16T10:15:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/les-oublies-de-la-politique\/"},"modified":"2021-07-05T13:38:09","modified_gmt":"2021-07-05T11:38:09","slug":"counting-the-forgotten-in-politics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/counting-the-forgotten-in-politics\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Counting the Forgotten in Politics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_10969\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10969\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10969\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Screenshot_2021-02-26-We-asked-our-donors-Why-are-you-a-small-dollar-donor-ActBlue-Blog1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Screenshot_2021-02-26-We-asked-our-donors-Why-are-you-a-small-dollar-donor-ActBlue-Blog1.png 967w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Screenshot_2021-02-26-We-asked-our-donors-Why-are-you-a-small-dollar-donor-ActBlue-Blog1-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Screenshot_2021-02-26-We-asked-our-donors-Why-are-you-a-small-dollar-donor-ActBlue-Blog1-768x434.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Screenshot_2021-02-26-We-asked-our-donors-Why-are-you-a-small-dollar-donor-ActBlue-Blog1-258x146.png 258w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Screenshot_2021-02-26-We-asked-our-donors-Why-are-you-a-small-dollar-donor-ActBlue-Blog1-50x28.png 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Screenshot_2021-02-26-We-asked-our-donors-Why-are-you-a-small-dollar-donor-ActBlue-Blog1-133x75.png 133w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Screenshot_2021-02-26-We-asked-our-donors-Why-are-you-a-small-dollar-donor-ActBlue-Blog1-960x547.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10969\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blog.actblue.com &#8211; We asked our donors, \u201cWhy are you a small-dollar donor?, Screenshot<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Financing political parties and candidates for their electoral campaigns is not a trivial phenomenon. Yet one of its essential dimensions \u2013 the \u201csmall\u201d donations made by citizens \u2013 is never studied. Very little is known about them: who are the small donators? Are they just as inclined to donate to charitable organisations? The profiles of the candidates who lost their elections are not any more investigated. We deplore &#8211; and rightfully so &#8211; the lack of representation of certain social classes amongst our elected officials yet fail to give ourselves the means of understanding why they are excluded and, in particular, the role that networks may play. More generally, how can digital technology and \u2018big data\u2019 driven tools, give us insight into the motivations for undertaking an activity such as donating or for political choices? <a href=\"https:\/\/juliacage.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Julia Cag\u00e9<\/a>, Professor at the Department of Economics, proposed a large-scale research project (PARTICIPATE<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11129_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11129_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11129_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11129_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11129_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11129_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/department-economics\/en\/news\/julia-cage-awarded-erc-starting-grant-participate.html\">PARTICIPATE: Campaign Finance, Information and Influence; a comprehension approach using individual approach using individual-level data and computer sciences tools<\/a>, &#8220;Starting grant&#8221;, ERC.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11129_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11129_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>) that sets out to answer these questions to the highly selective European Research Council. Challenge accepted! Here she describes the multiple dimensions of her new research project.<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the originalities of your new project is that you will be studying the blind spots of the traditional literature, and notably the importance of small donations in the financing of electoral campaigns.\u00a0 How do you explain these blind spots?<\/span><\/h5>\n<div id=\"attachment_10956\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10956\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10956\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_506478727-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_506478727-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_506478727-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_506478727-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_506478727-112x75.jpg 112w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_506478727.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10956\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former headquarters for the Federal Election Commission, 2016. Source : Mark Van Scyoc \/ Shutterstock.com<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Julia Cag\u00e9 :\u00a0 This can be explained by the complexity of the data that has not been compiled up until now and by the emphasis on the &#8220;capture&#8221; of political life by the greatest donors. One of the objectives of PARTICIPATE focuses on small campaign contributions in the US. To date, the research has mainly been focused on large donors or aggregate campaign spending in the US because the Federal Election Commission (FEC) only requires campaigns to report information on individual contributors whose annual donations exceed $200.<br \/>\nBut it makes no sense to work on campaign donations if you overlook small donors, i.e. the donors who contribute less than $200, as they represent more than 90% of all the donors to the Democrat candidates! Therefore, with my team, we have decided to build a unique dataset that includes both small and large donations.<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another originality of the project is the use of novel, individual-level data sets in order to determine what motivates small donors or what motivates candidates to run for an election&#8230;<\/span><\/h5>\n<div id=\"attachment_11126\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BernieSanders\/status\/1211784529129590784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1211784529129590784%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Farticle%2Fbernie-sanders-once-again-asking-meme%2F\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11126\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11126 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Bernie_Sanders_Financial-Support-300x231.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Bernie_Sanders_Financial-Support-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Bernie_Sanders_Financial-Support-1024x788.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Bernie_Sanders_Financial-Support-768x591.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Bernie_Sanders_Financial-Support-190x146.jpg 190w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Bernie_Sanders_Financial-Support-50x38.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Bernie_Sanders_Financial-Support-97x75.jpg 97w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Bernie_Sanders_Financial-Support.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11126\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">@BernieSanders, Dec 31, 2019<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julia Cag\u00e9 : With respect to campaign donations, I will be using a database that relies on ActBlue, the online fundraising conduit used by small donors to Democrat candidates in the US. I will be working with <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/edgard-dewitte\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Edgard Dewitte<\/a> (Sciences Po), <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/boutonllj\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Laurent Bouton<\/a> (Georgetown University) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbs.edu\/faculty\/Pages\/profile.aspx?facId=736825\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vincent Pons<\/a> (Harvard University).<br \/>\n<\/span>The exploitation of these datasets should give us insight as to why millions of citizens decide to make small campaign contributions. The literature tells us that people give to campaigns to gain access or influence the electoral results; but an individual donor can hardly hope to do so when she or he gives $10 to a campaign. So why does she or he do it?<br \/>\nAnd this is where the large datasets come into play because they allow us to isolate the impact of specific factors,\u00a0<i>all other things being equal<\/i>. For example, the US data provides us with information on millions of donors and donations over 14 years and for many different elections: by controlling for the specificities of a given year \/ election \/ candidate, and even for the characteristics of a donor (e.g. age, gender, race, \u2026), we can see to what extent the fact that a donor and a candidate share the same characteristics plays a role in the decision to contribute to a campaign. We can also estimate the impact of political advertising.<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You have also decided to analyze charitable donations. How are these related to the financing of electoral campaigns?<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julia Cag\u00e9 : With <a href=\"https:\/\/lawecon.ethz.ch\/group\/scientific-team\/guillot.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Malka Guillot<\/a> (Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich),\u00a0 we want to study what motivates people to donate to charitable organisations on the one hand, and what motivates people to make political donations in France on the other.\u00a0 Based on existing administrative datasets, we would like to study to whether charitable giving and political contributions are substitutes or complements. A simple question to begin with: do the same people give to both charities and political parties or are the two sets of donors unrelated? Further, we don&#8217;t know to what extent tax policy affects political donations. Regarding charitable giving, previous studies have shown that tax deductions may play an important role; but what about political giving?\u00a0 These tax deductions are a significant expense for the French government and it is therefore important to analyse just who stands to benefit from them and their actual impact on the incentive to give. <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10963\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10963\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10963\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1121973035-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1121973035-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1121973035-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1121973035-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1121973035-112x75.jpg 112w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_1121973035.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10963\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cr\u00e9dits image : zimmytws, Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You will be using computer methodology, notably for the analysis of multidimensional networks (also known as graphs). What is the added value of these methods for understanding current forms of political participation?<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julia Cag\u00e9 : Another question I would like to develop is what motivates citizens to go into politics and networks could play a decisive role in that. Together with Edgard DEWITTE, we will be committing important resources towards building a dataset of the characteristics of political candidates in the UK over the past 150 years based on the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Times_Guide_to_the_House_of_Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Times Guides to the House of Commons<\/a>\u201d. This novel dataset will allow us to study and to consider the different characteristics of political candidates \u2013 including the characteristics of the candidates who went on to lose their elections which are overlooked by the academic literature, just as the \u201csmall\u201d donors are. The goal here is to show that these characteristics are multidimensional, that \u201cpolitical selection networks\u201d are linked in a multitude of ways, and even that certain networks are more effective than others in ensuring electoral victory. This is where the multidimensional graphs come in: rather than testing for the preponderance of any one given characteristic over the others in determining political participation, these visualisations allow the researcher to examine characteristics side by side and express the many different types of overlapping relationships between them.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It sounds very technical and you are not an expert in computer methods, so how are you going to go about this?<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julia Cag\u00e9 : <\/span>I really believe in interdisciplinary research and in the collaboration between different disciplinary fields; had I not worked with computer scientists, I couldn\u2019t have produced half of the research I have done during the past five years! For example, I undertook all of my research on information propagation with <a href=\"http:\/\/www.herve.name\/pmwiki.php\/Main\/HomePage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nicolas Herv\u00e9<\/a> and Marie-Luce Viaud, two computer scientists.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10971\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10971\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10971\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/C27raufW8AAjeIk-300x190.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/C27raufW8AAjeIk-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/C27raufW8AAjeIk-231x146.jpg 231w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/C27raufW8AAjeIk-50x32.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/C27raufW8AAjeIk-119x75.jpg 119w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/C27raufW8AAjeIk.jpg 486w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10971\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">B\u00e9atrice Mazoyer, Conf\u00e9rence &#8220;Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances&#8221;, janvier 2017<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And with Nicolas and <a href=\"https:\/\/medialab.sciencespo.fr\/equipe\/beatrice-mazoyer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">B\u00e9atrice Mazoyer<\/a> (m\u00e9dialab, Sciences Po) we are currently studying the propagation of information between social networks and mainstream media. It was only natural then to me that I pursue these collaborations with computer scientists to build and analyse these graphs in order to enrich my research.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The individual-level datasets concerning political donations and candidates span three countries \u2013 the US, France, and the UK. How is it possible to draw broader, general conclusions on the determinants of political donations and the selection of political candidates?<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julia Cag\u00e9 : This is a very important question: how can the conclusions drawn from a specific political context be extended to other contexts? The reason that I decided to work on different countries, at different periods of time, was precisely to be able to draw general conclusions. If you just focus on the US for example, you will draw conclusions related to a two-party system while more than 90% of the world\u2019s democracies are multiparty systems. If you only rely on information pertaining to today&#8217;s world, you might overestimate the role played by the Internet in political campaigns. But if you study different geographical zones (and, ideally, be able to include developing countries), in both the 20th and 21st centuries, and you are investigating the impact of changes in legislation, then you can have a better understanding of what is really at play and can hope to draw general conclusions regarding, for instance, the selection of political candidates.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10974\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10974\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10974\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_513571183-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_513571183-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_513571183-221x146.jpg 221w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_513571183-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_513571183-113x75.jpg 113w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/shutterstock_513571183.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10974\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">London, &#8211; November 2018: Pile of Newspapers from the United Kingdom. Cr\u00e9dits photo : Lenscap Photography \/ Shutterstock.com<\/p><\/div>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With this project, you tie in your earlier research on media economics with the study of campaign finance through the concept of &#8220;media power&#8221;.\u00a0What is \u201cmedia power\u201d and how is it important to the study of political participation?<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julia Cag\u00e9 : &#8220;Media power&#8221; is a concept I borrow from a fantastic paper published by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/~ap3116\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Andrea Prat<\/a> (Columbia University) The idea is to measure the extent of media competition not only by the market share, but also by the &#8220;attention&#8221; from which each media benefits. The goal here is to measure the power of media organisations, defined as their ability to induce voters to make electoral decisions they would not make if reporting were unbiased. This is of particular importance given that a number of media outlets may have political motives.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do you feel the need to draw a line between your research and your political commitments?<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julia Cag\u00e9 :\u00a0<\/span>I think it is of utmost importance to make research accessible to everybody. Most of the time, I first write academic papers, but afterwards, I might write a book for the general public that relies on the conclusions of my academic research. Let&#8217;s take the example of media power that I mentioned earlier: I really do think it is problematic that all the regulatory instruments of media competition today rely exclusively on market shares, which is an outdated and imperfect measure. As an economist, I feel that we should be enacting legislative change on this particular issue. How can we do so? By writing and publishing academic paper(s) so as to inform public debate. But if you really want to influence policy makers, you need to popularize your research and take a stance publicly. This is where my commitments \u2013 which I would qualify as \u201ccivic\u201d rather than political \u2013 come into play.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Interview by Melissa Mundell, Department of Economics<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"https:\/\/juliacage.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julia Cag\u00e9<\/span><\/a> is an Assistant Professor at Sciences Po\u2019s Department of Economics. She is also the co-director of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/liepp\/en\/content\/evaluation-democracy-research-group-evaldem.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LIEPP\u2019s research group \u201cEvaluation of Democracy\u201d<\/a> since 2018 and a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR). Her research interests include political economy, the economics of organisations and the history of economics; she is particularly interested in media economics and all of the issues raised by the financing of democracy and of public debate. <a href=\"https:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/auteur\/2441\/1t4m66udjh817b33rjj6jj98lh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publications<\/span><\/a><\/pre>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11129_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11129_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11129_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_11129_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11129_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11129_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11129_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/department-economics\/en\/news\/julia-cage-awarded-erc-starting-grant-participate.html\">PARTICIPATE: Campaign Finance, Information and Influence; a comprehension approach using individual approach using individual-level data and computer sciences tools<\/a>, &#8220;Starting grant&#8221;, ERC.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_11129_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11129_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11129_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_11129_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11129_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11129_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11129_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11129_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11129_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_11129_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_11129_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11129_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_11129_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11129_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Financing political parties and candidates for their electoral campaigns is not a trivial phenomenon. Yet one of its essential dimensions \u2013 the \u201csmall\u201d donations made<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":10970,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[78,121],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11129\/?lang=en"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/?lang=en"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/?lang=en"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3\/?lang=en"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?lang=en&post=11129"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11129\/revisions\/?lang=en"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11135,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11129\/revisions\/11135\/?lang=en"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10970\/?lang=en"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?lang=en&parent=11129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?lang=en&post=11129"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?lang=en&post=11129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}