{"id":10234,"date":"2020-11-16T09:00:47","date_gmt":"2020-11-16T07:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=10234"},"modified":"2020-11-25T13:32:47","modified_gmt":"2020-11-25T11:32:47","slug":"is-there-such-a-thing-as-anti-white-racism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/is-there-such-a-thing-as-anti-white-racism\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Is There Such a Thing as &#8220;Anti-White Racism&#8221;?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ceri\/en\/cerispire-user\/7177\/1289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Daniel Sabbagh<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10083\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10083\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10083\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-214x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-214x300.png 214w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-104x146.png 104w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-36x50.png 36w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1-54x75.png 54w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Screenshot_2020-11-06-La-Boutique-Valeurs-actuelles1.png 358w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10083\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover of \u00ab Valeurs Actuelles \u00bb, a French weekly newspaper, 12 September 2019<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Given that the denunciation of &#8220;anti-White racism&#8221; has become one of the far right\u2019s hobbyhorses in France, the temptation is great to see it as an oxymoron \u2013 as nothing but &#8220;nonsense&#8221; <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/debats\/2020\/09\/04\/daniele-obono-et-la-valeur-actuelle-du-racisme_1798562\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dani\u00e8le Obono et la valeur actuelle du racisme<\/a>, Tribune of a collective of academics including notably the historian Ludivine Bantigny and the sociologists Sarah Mazouz and Ugo Palheta ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/societe\/le-racisme-anti-blancs-existe-t-il\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le racisme anti-Blancs existe-t-il ?<\/a>, France Culture, October 2018 with \u00c9ric Fassin, sociologist.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>and an &#8220;intellectual imposture&#8221; <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"http:\/\/reperes-antiracistes.fr\/\">Rep\u00e8res contre le racisme, pour la diversit\u00e9 et la solidarit\u00e9 internationale<\/a>, intervention by sociologist St\u00e9phane Beaud and historian G\u00e9rard Noiriel, conference &#8220;Under the masks of&#8221; anti-white racism &#8220;, February 9, 2013.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u2013 sometimes based\u00a0 on a confusion between racism and discrimination<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lmsi.net\/De-l-urgence-d-en-finir-avec-le-racisme-anti-blanc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">De l\u2019urgence d\u2019en finir avec \u00ab le racisme anti-blanc \u00bb,<\/a> intervention de Joao Gabriel, 8 septembre 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<br \/>\nWhile understandable, this temptation is problematic.<br \/>\nTo see this, one need only go over the three main conceptions of racism currently used in all the relevant disciplines: anthropology, law, history, philosophy, psychology, political science, and sociology.<\/p>\n<h4>Ideological Racism<\/h4>\n<p>First, racism can be defined as an <i>ideology<\/i> consisting of a set of propositions: 1) Humanity is composed of groups that are essentially distinct from one another and characterised by intrinsic properties that are either natural or cultural; 2) These distinctive properties are innate, immutable, and hereditary; 3) They determine a certain number of traits, aptitudes, and behaviors that may be comparatively assessed; 4) This evaluation leads to the establishment of a hierarchy between those (the so-called &#8220;races&#8221;); 5) This hierarchy justifies the domination of inferior races by superior ones.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9992\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9992\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9992\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056.jpg 468w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056-89x146.jpg 89w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056-30x50.jpg 30w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/G.F._Cuvier_racial_characteristics_1836-49_Wellcome_L0025056-46x75.jpg 46w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9992\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">G.F. Cuvier: racial characteristics; 1836-49<\/p><\/div>\n<p>This conception of racism as an ideology, which appeared in the inter-war period, is by no means obsolete. It is shared by authors as diverse \u2013 and as renowned \u2013 as the French anthropologist Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss, Didier Eribon, <i>De pr\u00e8s et de loin<\/i>, Odile Jacob, 1988<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, the American-Ghanaian philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kwame Anthony Appiah, <i>In My Father\u2019s House<\/i>, Oxford University Press, 1992.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, and the sociologists Robert Miles (British)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Robert Miles, <i>Racism<\/i>, Routledge, 1989.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> and William Julius Wilson (American)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">William Julius Wilson, <i>The Bridge over the Racial Divide. Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics<\/i>, University of California Press, 1999.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. From this perspective, since the beliefs listed above are erroneous, a proper anti-racist strategy should involve disseminating accurate information conducive to the revision and, ultimately, the abandonment of these false beliefs. &#8220;Racialised&#8221; groups are those unduly cast as &#8220;races&#8221; in the aforementioned sense of the term and mistreated as such<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lawrence Blum, \u00ab Racialized Groups : The Sociohistorical Consensus \u00bb, <i>The Monist<\/i>, 93 (2), 2010, p. 298-320\u00a0; Michael Hardimon, <i>Rethinking Race. The Case for Deflationary Realism<\/i>, Harvard University Press, 2017.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Their members cannot entirely escape the mental burden of anticipating and protecting themselves from potentially negative responses to their stigmatised traits. Conversely, &#8220;being white means not having to think about it&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Terry, \u00ab The Negative Impact on White Values \u00bb, dans Benjamin Bowser et Raymond Hunt (eds), <i>Impacts of Racism on White Americans<\/i>, Sage, 1981, p. 120.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. This is arguably the quintessence of the &#8220;privilege&#8221; inevitably associated with that position in the racial hierarchy.<\/p>\n<h4>Attitudinal Racism<\/h4>\n<p>According to another line of thinking that appeared a few decades later and is mostly based on social psychology, racism can also be defined as a range of <em>negative attitudes<\/em> determined by the targeted individual&#8217;s perceived membership in a group conventionally defined as &#8220;racial&#8221;. These predominantly affective \u2013 rather than cognitive<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jorge Garcia, \u00ab Le c\u0153ur du racisme \u00bb, dans Magali Bessone et Daniel Sabbagh (dir.), <i>Race, racisme, discriminations. Une anthologie de textes fondamentaux<\/i>, Hermann, coll. \u00ab L\u2019Avocat du Diable \u00bb, 2015, p. 125-155.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u2013 mental states include hatred, some less intense kinds of animosity, fear, disgust, contempt, disrespect<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joshua Glasgow, \u00ab Racism as Disrespect \u00bb, <i>Ethics<\/i>, 120 (1), 2009, p. 64-93.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, and simple indifference to the wellbeing and legitimate interests of the individual involved. They can rightly be described as racist even if the person who harbours them does not embrace racism as a doctrine.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9996\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9996\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9996\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_767658412-112x75.jpg 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9996\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p>These attitudes, which largely result from socialisation, may vary over time, and are not immediately observable: they can only be inferred from observed behavior. However, they do not necessarily translate into perceivable acts. It is entirely possible that a racist attitude does not result in any discrimination, either because the person experiencing it disapproves of it and manages to prevent it from coming into play, or because s\/he is seeking to avoid the opprobrium that would meet the exteriorisation of racist affects in certain contexts, or because s\/he fears legal repercussions.<\/p>\n<p>From this perspective, in accordance with Gordon Allport&#8217;s hypothesis in his pioneering 1954 book<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gordon Allport, <i>The Nature of Prejudice<\/i>, New York, Basic Books, 1979 [1954].<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, an adequate anti-racist strategy should promote increased interactions between members of different racial groups placed on an equal footing (1) and required to cooperate (2) to achieve a common goal (3), with the support of some acknowledged authority (4). Indeed, for more than half a century, a large number of experimental studies have shown that such interactions do result in lowering the emotional component of racism. Moreover, this decrease is a lasting one. Finally, it benefits all members of the stigmatised group \u2013 beyond the individuals involved in the interaction \u2013 as well as members of other similar minorities<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Thomas Pettigrew et Linda Tropp, \u00ab A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory \u00bb, <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/i>, 90 (5), 2006, p. 751-783.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<h4>Systemic Racism<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_9999\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9999\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/shutterstock_1760040248-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9999\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;March of Silence&#8221;, Seattle, Washington \/ USA &#8211; June 12 2020 \u00a9 2003-2020 Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The third and most recent conception of racism casts it as a <i>system<\/i> comprising all the factors (ideas, discourse, actions, institutional rules&#8230;) that contribute to the production and reproduction of inequalities between &#8220;racial&#8221; groups<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Stokely Carmichael et Charles Hamilton, <i>Black Power. The Politics of Liberation in America<\/i>, New York, Vintage, 1967\u00a0; Robert Blauner, <i>Racial Oppression in America<\/i>, New York, Harper and Row, 1972.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Each of these causal elements would then qualify as &#8220;racist&#8221; for this reason alone. Although it is now popular on both sides of the Atlantic, this conception of &#8220;systemic&#8221; racism raises at least three issues.<\/p>\n<p>Analytically, it does not allow one to distinguish the specific mechanisms (physical violence, discrimination, segregation, stigmatisation, self-disqualification&#8230;) whose interaction generates and perpetuates the disadvantages experienced by members of racialised groups <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Glenn Loury, \u00ab Les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes raciaux \u00bb, dans Bessone et Sabbagh, <i>Race, racisme, discriminations<\/i>, <i>op. cit.<\/i>, p. 203-234\u00a0; Elizabeth Anderson, \u00ab\u00a0S\u00e9gr\u00e9gation, stigmatisation raciale et discrimination\u00a0\u00bb, <i>ibid<\/i>., p. 235-276.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Yet only a careful examination of their interconnections, based on such prior distinctions, would enable the development of appropriate public policies.<\/p>\n<p>Politically, on the one hand, &#8220;systemic racism&#8221; risks weakening the anti-racist coalition by alienating the goodwill of potential members, who may be discouraged by seeing their own behavior fall under this most extensive, morally loaded, and strongly accusatory label. On the other hand, conversely, it risks trivialising well-founded accusations of racism in the narrower sense: if everything is &#8220;racist&#8221;, then ultimately, nothing is.<\/p>\n<h4>What About &#8220;Anti-White racism&#8221;?<\/h4>\n<p>Following this brief overview, let us return to our initial question: does &#8220;anti-White racism&#8221; exist?<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10001\" style=\"width: 289px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10001\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/447px-Elijah_Muhammad_NYWTS-2-279x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"279\" height=\"300\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10001\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elijah Muhammad standing behind microphones at podium \/ World Telegram &amp; Sun photo by Stanley Wolfson, via Wikimedia Commons<\/p><\/div>\n<p>If\u00a0 &#8220;racism&#8221; is understood as the ideology or negative attitudes mentioned above, given the extent and intensity of the racism suffered by &#8220;non-Whites&#8221;, it would be surprising, to say the least, if there were no instance \u2013 be it only reactive \u2013 of &#8220;anti-White racism&#8221;. In fact, it is not very difficult to find some. An &#8220;ideological&#8221; example would be the statement by Elijah Muhammad, the president of the American organisation <i>Nation of Islam<\/i> from 1934 to 1975, that all Whites are like &#8220;demons\u201d. An &#8220;attitudinal&#8221; example in France is the video that rapper Nick Conrad posted online in September 2018 entitled &#8220;Hang the Whites&#8221;, which resulted in a 5,000 euro fine for incitatement to commit a crime. In both cases, the phrase &#8220;anti-White racism&#8221; does not seem to be a misnomer.<\/p>\n<p>Needless to say, none of the above supports the aberrant thesis that, in France or elsewhere, the extent of &#8220;anti-White racism&#8221; comes close to the extent of the racism that minorities face. The arguments formulated here do not entail of any such equivalence. Clearly, <i>racial discrimination<\/i> \u2013 be it direct or indirect, intentional or unintentional, or even &#8220;systemic&#8221; \u2013 does not equally harm Whites and non-Whites.<\/p>\n<p>Yet it is only if one opts for the third \u2013 &#8220;systemic&#8221; \u2013 conception of racism and if one <i>entirely excludes the two others<\/i> that &#8220;anti-White racism&#8221; becomes an oxymoron . But why should this option be favored over a pluralistic approach? Racism is a multidimensional phenomenon. To argue that &#8220;anti-White racism does not exist&#8221; requires the complete elimination of two of its main dimensions. The end does not justify the means. Rather than providing the far right with the bonanza of a &#8220;taboo&#8221; to be exploited for its own benefit, it would be preferable to address the existence of an &#8220;anti-White racism&#8221; as an empirical issue rather than as conceptual impossibility. In all likelihood, this will help take the wind out of its sails<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10234_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">This text benefited from critical remarks by Laure Bereni, Magali Bessone, Julie Saada and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Naudet, whom I thank.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10234_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ceri\/en\/cerispire-user\/7177\/1289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Daniel Sabbagh<\/a>'s work focuses on discrimination and affirmative action (from a comparative and multidisciplinary perspective), multiculturalism, American law, theories of justice and equality, the internal determinants of American foreign policy, and the death penalty in the United States. <a href=\"https:\/\/spire.sciencespo.fr\/auteur\/2441\/9labe9r4se65i789685q54ps0\">See his publications.<\/a><\/pre>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_10234_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_10234_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_10234_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_10234_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/debats\/2020\/09\/04\/daniele-obono-et-la-valeur-actuelle-du-racisme_1798562\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dani\u00e8le Obono et la valeur actuelle du racisme<\/a>, Tribune of a collective of academics including notably the historian Ludivine Bantigny and the sociologists Sarah Mazouz and Ugo Palheta ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/societe\/le-racisme-anti-blancs-existe-t-il\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Le racisme anti-Blancs existe-t-il ?<\/a>, France Culture, October 2018 with \u00c9ric Fassin, sociologist.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/reperes-antiracistes.fr\/\">Rep\u00e8res contre le racisme, pour la diversit\u00e9 et la solidarit\u00e9 internationale<\/a>, intervention by sociologist St\u00e9phane Beaud and historian G\u00e9rard Noiriel, conference &#8220;Under the masks of&#8221; anti-white racism &#8220;, February 9, 2013.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lmsi.net\/De-l-urgence-d-en-finir-avec-le-racisme-anti-blanc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">De l\u2019urgence d\u2019en finir avec \u00ab le racisme anti-blanc \u00bb,<\/a> intervention de Joao Gabriel, 8 septembre 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss, Didier Eribon, <i>De pr\u00e8s et de loin<\/i>, Odile Jacob, 1988<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kwame Anthony Appiah, <i>In My Father\u2019s House<\/i>, Oxford University Press, 1992.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Robert Miles, <i>Racism<\/i>, Routledge, 1989.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">William Julius Wilson, <i>The Bridge over the Racial Divide. Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics<\/i>, University of California Press, 1999.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lawrence Blum, \u00ab Racialized Groups : The Sociohistorical Consensus \u00bb, <i>The Monist<\/i>, 93 (2), 2010, p. 298-320\u00a0; Michael Hardimon, <i>Rethinking Race. The Case for Deflationary Realism<\/i>, Harvard University Press, 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Robert Terry, \u00ab The Negative Impact on White Values \u00bb, dans Benjamin Bowser et Raymond Hunt (eds), <i>Impacts of Racism on White Americans<\/i>, Sage, 1981, p. 120.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jorge Garcia, \u00ab Le c\u0153ur du racisme \u00bb, dans Magali Bessone et Daniel Sabbagh (dir.), <i>Race, racisme, discriminations. Une anthologie de textes fondamentaux<\/i>, Hermann, coll. \u00ab L\u2019Avocat du Diable \u00bb, 2015, p. 125-155.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joshua Glasgow, \u00ab Racism as Disrespect \u00bb, <i>Ethics<\/i>, 120 (1), 2009, p. 64-93.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gordon Allport, <i>The Nature of Prejudice<\/i>, New York, Basic Books, 1979 [1954].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Thomas Pettigrew et Linda Tropp, \u00ab A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory \u00bb, <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/i>, 90 (5), 2006, p. 751-783.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Stokely Carmichael et Charles Hamilton, <i>Black Power. The Politics of Liberation in America<\/i>, New York, Vintage, 1967\u00a0; Robert Blauner, <i>Racial Oppression in America<\/i>, New York, Harper and Row, 1972.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Glenn Loury, \u00ab Les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes raciaux \u00bb, dans Bessone et Sabbagh, <i>Race, racisme, discriminations<\/i>, <i>op. cit.<\/i>, p. 203-234\u00a0; Elizabeth Anderson, \u00ab\u00a0S\u00e9gr\u00e9gation, stigmatisation raciale et discrimination\u00a0\u00bb, <i>ibid<\/i>., p. 235-276.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10234_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10234_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">This text benefited from critical remarks by Laure Bereni, Magali Bessone, Julie Saada and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Naudet, whom I thank.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_10234_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_10234_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_10234_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_10234_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_10234_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_10234_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_10234_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_10234_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_10234_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_10234_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_10234_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_10234_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_10234_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_10234_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Daniel Sabbagh Given that the denunciation of &#8220;anti-White racism&#8221; has become one of the far right\u2019s hobbyhorses in France, the temptation is great to<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9991,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[272,270],"tags":[202,63,69],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10234\/?lang=en"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/?lang=en"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/?lang=en"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3\/?lang=en"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?lang=en&post=10234"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10234\/revisions\/?lang=en"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10511,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10234\/revisions\/10511\/?lang=en"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9991\/?lang=en"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?lang=en&parent=10234"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?lang=en&post=10234"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?lang=en&post=10234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}