{"id":10118,"date":"2020-11-16T12:00:25","date_gmt":"2020-11-16T10:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/?p=10118"},"modified":"2020-11-16T15:25:52","modified_gmt":"2020-11-16T13:25:52","slug":"les-etrangers-imagines-par-le-droit-constitutionnel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/les-etrangers-imagines-par-le-droit-constitutionnel\/","title":{"rendered":"Les \u00e9trangers imagin\u00e9s par le droit constitutionnel"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>Analyse culturelle compar\u00e9e des jurisprudences colombienne et \u00e9tatsunienne<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>par <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ecole-de-droit\/fr\/profile\/imbert-louis.html\">Louis Imbert<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les \u00e9trangers n\u2019\u00e9chappent pas \u00e0 la vision du droit qu\u2019en donne l\u2019anthropologue \u00e9tatsunien Clifford Geertz lorsque celui-ci affirme qu\u2019il n\u2019est qu\u2019une \u00ab mani\u00e8re distincte d\u2019imaginer le r\u00e9el\u00a0\u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Clifford Geertz, \u00ab Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective \u00bb, in Clifford Geertz, <i>Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology<\/i>, Basic Books, 1983, p. 173.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Si la figure de l\u2019\u00e9tranger rel\u00e8ve ind\u00e9niablement d\u2019une construction sociale, le droit joue un r\u00f4le primordial dans cette construction<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Dani\u00e8le Lochak, <i>\u00c9trangers : de quel droit ?<\/i>, PUF, 1985, p. 7-8.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10173\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10173\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10173\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_1508355056.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_1508355056.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_1508355056-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_1508355056-230x146.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_1508355056-50x32.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_1508355056-118x75.jpg 118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10173\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Jorm S, Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Les cat\u00e9gories juridiques font appara\u00eetre comme naturelle et l\u00e9gitime la distinction entre le national et l\u2019\u00e9tranger ainsi qu\u2019entre \u00e9trangers. Elles produisent des effets symboliques consid\u00e9rables, au-del\u00e0 de leur impact sur le quotidien des \u00e9trangers<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Barbou des Places, \u00ab Les \u00e9trangers \u2018saisis\u2019 par le droit : Enjeux de l\u2019\u00e9dification des cat\u00e9gories juridiques de migrants \u00bb, <i>Migrations Soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/i>, vol. 128, n\u00b0 2, 2010, p. 33-49<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Le droit dessine ainsi des \u00ab fronti\u00e8res symboliques \u00bb qui \u00ab permettent de construire une communaut\u00e9 imagin\u00e9e \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marie-Laure Basilien-Gainche, \u00ab\u00a0Les fronti\u00e8res europ\u00e9ennes. Quand le migrant incarne la limite\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Revue de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne<\/i>, n\u00b0 609, juin 2017, p. 7. Voy. \u00e9galement Michael Scaperlanda, \u00ab\u00a0Partial Membership: Aliens and the Constitutional Community\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Iowa Law Review<\/i>, vol. 81, n\u00b0 3, mars 1996, p. 707-773<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Ce constat est mis en lumi\u00e8re par l\u2019analyse des jurisprudences constitutionnelles en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration. On y trouve une s\u00e9rie de discours juridiques sur les \u00e9trangers qui visent \u00e0 justifier des solutions particuli\u00e8res \u00e0 leur \u00e9gard. La force de ces discours dans la construction de l\u2019\u00e9tranger est encore plus frappante lorsqu\u2019on en vient \u00e0 les comparer suivant une approche culturelle.<\/p>\n<h4>Comparer pour \u00e9clairer<\/h4>\n<p>Selon l\u2019approche culturelle adopt\u00e9e dans cet article, le droit est appr\u00e9hend\u00e9 comme une \u00ab forme symbolique \u00bb particuli\u00e8re au m\u00eame titre que l\u2019art ou la religion. Il ne se contente pas de refl\u00e9ter un \u00ab style d\u2019existence sociale \u00bb, il contribue \u00e0 le d\u00e9finir<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Clifford Geertz, \u00ab\u00a0Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective\u00a0\u00bb, <i>op. cit.<\/i>, p.\u00a0218<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. L\u2019analyse culturelle se donne alors pour mission de r\u00e9aliser une \u00ab description dense \u00bb des significations construites au sein du droit<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Une telle d\u00e9marche consiste \u00e0 se plonger dans un contexte particulier afin de se confronter \u00e0 \u00ab une multiplicit\u00e9 de structures conceptuelles complexes, dont beaucoup se superposent ou sont nou\u00e9es entre elles, qui sont \u00e0 la fois \u00e9tranges, irr\u00e9guli\u00e8res et non explicites, et que [l\u2019ethnographe] doit arranger d\u2019une mani\u00e8re ou d\u2019une autre, d\u2019abord pour comprendre et ensuite pour restituer \u00bb (Clifford Geertz, \u00ab\u00a0Thick Description: Towards an Interpretive Theory of Culture\u00a0\u00bb, in Clifford Geertz, <i>The Interpretation of Cultures<\/i>, Basic Books, 1973, p. 10). Voy. \u00e9galement Paul W. Kahn, <i>The Cultural Study of Law: Reconstructing Legal Scholarship<\/i>, University of Chicago Press, 1999. Pour une \u00e9tude de la \u00ab\u00a0formulation de modes d\u2019existence\u00a0\u00bb en droit europ\u00e9en de l\u2019immigration, voy. Lo\u00efc Azoulai, \u00ab\u00a0Le droit europ\u00e9en de l\u2019immigration, une analyse existentielle\u00a0\u00bb, <i>R.T.D. Eur.<\/i>, 2018, p. 519-539. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. La comparaison est l\u2019un des meilleurs outils pour accomplir ce travail. D\u00e8s lors que le droit \u00ab fonctionne \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re du savoir local \u00bb, comparer les discours juridiques de provenances diff\u00e9rentes permet d\u2019en d\u00e9gager une compr\u00e9hension approfondie, \u00ab l\u2019un \u00e9clairant ce que l\u2019autre obscurcit \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Clifford Geertz, \u00ab\u00a0Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective\u00a0\u00bb, <i>op. cit.<\/i>, p. 167 et 233. Voy. \u00e9galement G\u00fcnter Frankenberg, <i>Comparative Law as Critique<\/i>, Edward Elgar, 2016. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10175\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10175\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10175\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_696463801-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_696463801-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_696463801-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_696463801-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_696463801-112x75.jpg 112w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_696463801.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10175\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 ImageFlow, Shutterstock,<\/p><\/div>\n<p>C\u2019est dans cette perspective qu\u2019on peut comparer le traitement jurisprudentiel de l\u2019immigration aux \u00c9tats-Unis et en Colombie.<\/p>\n<h4>Deux pays, deux configurations juridiques<\/h4>\n<p>Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, la question migratoire est importante de tr\u00e8s longue date et a fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une quantit\u00e9 innombrable d\u2019affaires devant la Cour supr\u00eame depuis le dernier quart du XIXe si\u00e8cle. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de la construction jurisprudentielle \u00e9tatsunienne r\u00e9side notamment dans la reconnaissance pr\u00e9coce et persistante par la Cour supr\u00eame d\u2019un \u00ab\u00a0pouvoir pl\u00e9nier\u00a0\u00bb (\u2018<i>plenary power<\/i>\u2019), c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire tr\u00e8s \u00e9tendu, des autorit\u00e9s l\u00e9gislatives et administratives en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration (entr\u00e9e, s\u00e9jour et \u00e9loignement). Le corollaire \u00e9tant un contr\u00f4le tr\u00e8s restreint du pouvoir judiciaire sur les d\u00e9cisions de ces autorit\u00e9s.<br \/>\nPar contraste, la Colombie a longtemps \u00e9t\u00e9 un pays d\u2019\u00e9migration avant tout et la question de l\u2019accueil des immigr\u00e9s n\u2019y a pris de l\u2019ampleur que r\u00e9cemment. L\u2019analyse de la jurisprudence de la Cour constitutionnelle colombienne, innovante et progressiste dans de nombreux domaines, permet un v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9centrement de l\u2019analyse, alors que la plupart des \u00e9tudes compar\u00e9es en droit constitutionnel et en droit de l\u2019immigration se concentrent presque toujours sur les m\u00eames syst\u00e8mes du Nord Global (Europe et Am\u00e9rique du Nord principalement).<\/p>\n<h4>Les \u00c9tats-Unis, pionniers de la construction juridique de l\u2019\u00e9tranger<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_10177\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10177\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10177\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_982698921.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_982698921.jpg 331w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_982698921-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_982698921-97x146.jpg 97w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_982698921-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/shutterstock_982698921-50x75.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10177\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">United States Supreme Court \u00a9 Orhan Cam\/Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9cart entre nationaux et \u00e9trangers demeure \u00e0 ce jour significatif dans le droit constitutionnel \u00e9tasunien. Alors que les premiers b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d\u2019un droit permanent d\u2019entrer et de r\u00e9sider sur le territoire national, les seconds se trouvent dans une situation juridique pr\u00e9caire que les \u00e9tudes \u00e9tatsuniennes critiques sur le sujet n\u2019ont pas h\u00e9sit\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9crire \u00e0 travers les expressions d\u2019\u00ab \u00e9trangers \u00e0 la Constitution \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gerald Neuman, <i>Strangers to the Constitution: Immigrants, Borders and Fundamental Law<\/i>, Princeton University Press, 1996.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, de \u00ab sujets impossibles \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mae Ngai, <i>Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America<\/i>, Princeton University Press, 2014. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>ou m\u00eame de \u00ab non-personnes \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kevin R. Johnson, \u00ab\u00a0\u2018Aliens\u2019 and U.S. Immigration Laws: The Social and Legal Construction of Nonpersons\u00a0\u00bb, <i>University of Miami Inter-American Law Review<\/i>, vol. 28, n\u00b0 2, hiver 1996-1997, p. 263-292. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. L\u2019une des particularit\u00e9s de ces sujets de droits est leur \u00ab expulsabilit\u00e9 \u00bb (\u2018<i>deportability<\/i>\u2019) puisqu\u2019ils sont toujours susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre expuls\u00e9s du territoire<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nicholas de Genova, \u00ab Migrant \u2018Illegality\u2019 and Deportability in Everyday Life \u00bb, <i>Annual Review of Anthropology<\/i>, vol. 31, 2002, p. 419-447 ; Abdelmalek Sayad, \u00ab\u00a0Immigration et \u2018pens\u00e9e d\u2019Etat\u2019\u00a0\u00bb, in <i>La double absence. Des illusions de l\u2019\u00e9migr\u00e9 aux souffrances de l\u2019immigr\u00e9<\/i>, Seuil, coll. \u00ab Points \u00bb, 1999, pp. 507-508<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e8s 1889, dans l\u2019affaire dite de \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019exclusion des Chinois\u00a0\u00bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States\"><i>Chae Chan Ping v. United States<\/i><\/a>), la Cour supr\u00eame a ainsi estim\u00e9 que le \u00ab\u00a0pouvoir d\u2019exclusion des \u00e9trangers\u00a0\u00bb est un \u00ab\u00a0incident de la souverainet\u00e9 qui appartient au gouvernement des \u00c9tats-Unis comme partie int\u00e9grante de ces pouvoirs souverains d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s par la Constitution\u00a0\u00bb. Elle a consid\u00e9r\u00e9 que le litige ne pr\u00e9sentait pas de \u00ab\u00a0questions \u00e0 \u00eatre d\u00e9termin\u00e9es judiciairement\u00a0\u00bb et que n\u2019\u00e9tait pas \u00ab\u00a0ouvert \u00e0 la controverse\u00a0\u00bb le fait de savoir si \u00ab\u00a0le gouvernement des \u00c9tats-Unis, \u00e0 travers l\u2019action de son d\u00e9partement l\u00e9gislatif, peut exclure les \u00e9trangers de son territoire\u00a0\u00bb. Un pouvoir coulant de source, \u00e9vident.<br \/>\nDans l\u2019arr\u00eat <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nishimura_Ekiu_v._United_States\"><i>Nishimura Ekiu v. United States<\/i><\/a> (1892), la Cour a confirm\u00e9 cette position, soutenant que \u00ab\u00a0c\u2019est une maxime accept\u00e9e du droit international, que toute nation souveraine dispose du pouvoir, tel qu\u2019inh\u00e9rent \u00e0 la souverainet\u00e9, et essentiel \u00e0 son auto-pr\u00e9servation, d\u2019interdire l\u2019entr\u00e9e des \u00e9trangers sur ses territoires, ou de ne les admettre que dans les cas et sous les conditions qu\u2019elle estime pertinent de d\u00e9crire\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10125\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10125\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10125\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Chinese-Irish-German-immigration-Thomas-Nast-Harpers-Weekly-July-23-1870-1068x580-1-300x163.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Chinese-Irish-German-immigration-Thomas-Nast-Harpers-Weekly-July-23-1870-1068x580-1-300x163.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Chinese-Irish-German-immigration-Thomas-Nast-Harpers-Weekly-July-23-1870-1068x580-1-1024x556.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Chinese-Irish-German-immigration-Thomas-Nast-Harpers-Weekly-July-23-1870-1068x580-1-768x417.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Chinese-Irish-German-immigration-Thomas-Nast-Harpers-Weekly-July-23-1870-1068x580-1-260x141.jpg 260w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Chinese-Irish-German-immigration-Thomas-Nast-Harpers-Weekly-July-23-1870-1068x580-1-50x27.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Chinese-Irish-German-immigration-Thomas-Nast-Harpers-Weekly-July-23-1870-1068x580-1-138x75.jpg 138w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Chinese-Irish-German-immigration-Thomas-Nast-Harpers-Weekly-July-23-1870-1068x580-1.jpg 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10125\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caricature de Thomas Nast dans le Harper&rsquo;s Weekly \u00e0 propos du Chinese Exclusion, 1882<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Enfin,\u00a0en 1893, dans l\u2019affaire <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fong_Yue_Ting_v._United_States\"><i>Fong Yue Ting v. United States<\/i><\/a>, la Cour a \u00e9tendu son raisonnement au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019entr\u00e9e des \u00e9trangers, pour englober leur \u00e9loignement. Elle a estim\u00e9 que \u00ab\u00a0le droit d\u2019exclure ou d\u2019expulser tous les \u00e9trangers, ou toute classe d\u2019\u00e9trangers, de mani\u00e8re absolue ou sous certaines conditions, en temps de guerre ou de paix, [est] un droit inh\u00e9rent et inali\u00e9nable de toute nation souveraine et ind\u00e9pendante, essentiel \u00e0 sa s\u00e9curit\u00e9, son ind\u00e9pendance et son bien-\u00eatre\u00a0\u00bb.<br \/>\nRendus en l\u2019espace de quelques ann\u00e9es seulement, ces trois arr\u00eats fond\u00e8rent la doctrine du \u00ab\u00a0pouvoir pl\u00e9nier\u00a0\u00bb, qui n\u2019a cess\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre r\u00e9affirm\u00e9e durant le si\u00e8cle suivant. En 1972, la Cour supr\u00eame r\u00e9it\u00e9rait que \u00ab\u00a0dans aucun autre domaine le pouvoir l\u00e9gislatif du Congr\u00e8s n\u2019est plus total qu\u2019en mati\u00e8re d\u2019admission des \u00e9trangers\u00a0\u00bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kleindienst_v._Mandel\"><i>Kleindienst v. Mandel<\/i><\/a>). En 2018 encore, la Cour s\u2019en est pr\u00e9value pour justifier un contr\u00f4le tr\u00e8s restreint du \u00ab\u00a0<i>Muslim Ban<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trump_v._Hawaii\"><i>Trump v. Hawaii<\/i><\/a>)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Le \u00ab\u00a0<i>Muslim Ban<\/i> \u00bb est une expression employ\u00e9e pour d\u00e9signer un ensemble de d\u00e9cisions prises par le Pr\u00e9sident Donald Trump en 2017 pour restreindre l\u2019entr\u00e9e sur le territoire \u00e9tatsunien des ressortissants de plusieurs pays dont la population est tr\u00e8s majoritairement musulmane. La Cour supr\u00eame a habilement \u00e9vit\u00e9 la question de la discrimination religieuse \u00e0 l\u2019aide de la doctrine du \u00ab pouvoir pl\u00e9nier \u00bb. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Ainsi, malgr\u00e9 une opposition doctrinale importante au principe du pouvoir pl\u00e9nier, celui-ci reste largement intact, hormis quelques inflexions. Cette jurisprudence a par ailleurs trouv\u00e9 une influence consid\u00e9rable dans de nombreux pays depuis la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<h4>La Colombie, miroir invers\u00e9\u00a0?<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_10131\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10131\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10131\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/640px-Welcome_to_Colombia_2_sign.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/640px-Welcome_to_Colombia_2_sign.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/640px-Welcome_to_Colombia_2_sign-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/640px-Welcome_to_Colombia_2_sign-195x146.jpg 195w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/640px-Welcome_to_Colombia_2_sign-50x38.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/640px-Welcome_to_Colombia_2_sign-100x75.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10131\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Welcome to Colombia sign, after passing thru immigration controls. 8 September 2011. Cr\u00e9dits : Guillec96, CC BY-SA 3.0<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Si la Colombie n\u2019\u00e9tait gu\u00e8re un pays d\u2019immigration jusqu\u2019\u00e0 encore r\u00e9cemment (c\u2019\u00e9tait plut\u00f4t l\u2019inverse), la th\u00e9matique migratoire y est devenue particuli\u00e8rement pr\u00e9gnante depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es, notamment en lien avec les arriv\u00e9es importantes de V\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9liens qui fuient une situation humanitaire et politique de plus en plus intenable dans le pays voisin. Pr\u00e8s d\u2019un million et demi de V\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9liens r\u00e9sideraient d\u00e9sormais en Colombie.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que la r\u00e9ponse de ce nouveau pays d\u2019accueil puisse l\u00e9gitimement susciter quelques critiques, elle correspond globalement \u00e0 un miroir invers\u00e9 des politiques migratoires europ\u00e9ennes et nord-am\u00e9ricaines. Au-del\u00e0 des r\u00e9gularisations massives op\u00e9r\u00e9es par l\u2019administration, c\u2019est la jurisprudence de la Cour constitutionnelle colombienne, r\u00e9cemment montr\u00e9e en exemple par la Commission interam\u00e9ricaine des droits de l\u2019homme et par plusieurs entit\u00e9s des Nations-Unies, qui rev\u00eat ici un int\u00e9r\u00eat tout particulier.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que la Cour reconnaisse de mani\u00e8re constante un pouvoir discr\u00e9tionnaire (non sans limites) aux pouvoirs l\u00e9gislatif et ex\u00e9cutif en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration, deux arr\u00eats r\u00e9cents apportent un contraste saisissant avec les \u00c9tats-Unis et l\u2019Europe dans le raisonnement suivi par les juges constitutionnels, dans un contexte qualifi\u00e9 par tous de crise migratoire. Dans ses arr\u00eats du 15 novembre 2017 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteconstitucional.gov.co\/relatoria\/2017\/SU677-17.htm\">SU677\/17<\/a>) et du 1er juin 2018 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteconstitucional.gov.co\/relatoria\/2018\/t-210-18.htm\">T-210\/18<\/a>), la Cour s\u2019est pench\u00e9e sur des actions d\u00e9pos\u00e9es contre l\u2019administration par des ressortissants v\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9liens en situation irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re qui se plaignaient de ne pas pouvoir acc\u00e9der gratuitement \u00e0 des services de sant\u00e9 du fait de leur statut administratif. \u00c0 l\u2019exact oppos\u00e9 de la d\u00e9marche suivie de longue date par les juridictions supr\u00eames, les administrations et les l\u00e9gislateurs nord-am\u00e9ricains et europ\u00e9ens)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nous nous permettons ici de renvoyer \u00e0 Louis Imbert, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.revuedlf.com\/droit-fondamentaux\/dossier\/du-palais-des-droits-de-lhomme-au-palais-royal-chronique-dun-renoncement-jurisprudentiel-face-a-largument-de-la-crise-migratoire\/\">\u00ab\u00a0Du Palais des Droits de l\u2019Homme au Palais-Royal\u00a0: chronique d\u2019un renoncement jurisprudentiel face \u00e0 l\u2019argument de la crise migratoire\u00a0\u00bb<\/a>, <i>RDLF <\/i>2019 chron. 38. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, la Cour colombienne s\u2019est appuy\u00e9e sur une situation de crise (ici qualifi\u00e9e d\u2019humanitaire pour renforcer \u2013 et non limiter \u2013 la protection des droits fondamentaux (en l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, celui \u00e0 la sant\u00e9) dont peuvent se pr\u00e9valoir les ressortissants v\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9liens pr\u00e9sents sur le territoire colombien, m\u00eame et surtout lorsqu\u2019ils sont en situation irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re. En particulier, elle a insist\u00e9 sur le devoir de solidarit\u00e9 de la communaut\u00e9 nationale tir\u00e9 des articles 1 et 95 de la <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_colombienne_de_1991\">Constitution de 1991<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10139\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10139\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10139\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/UNHCR__Vincent_Tremeau.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/UNHCR__Vincent_Tremeau.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/UNHCR__Vincent_Tremeau-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/UNHCR__Vincent_Tremeau-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/UNHCR__Vincent_Tremeau-219x146.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/UNHCR__Vincent_Tremeau-50x33.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/wp-content\/uploads\/2002\/11\/UNHCR__Vincent_Tremeau-113x75.jpg 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10139\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Venezuelan people cross the border to get to Colombia. Cr\u00e9dits photo ; UNHCR\/ Vincent Tremeau<\/p><\/div>\n<p>La Cour a \u00e9galement relev\u00e9 les difficult\u00e9s actuelles des ressortissants v\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9liens pour obtenir de leur pays un passeport, afin d\u2019en d\u00e9duire que les r\u00e8gles migratoires colombiennes compliquent en pratique l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la r\u00e9gularisation de leur statut, ce qui rend ensuite impossible leur affiliation au syst\u00e8me de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale et donc leur acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des soins. Pour autant, cette position n\u2019est pas sans soulever un paradoxe. D\u2019une part, la Cour maintient que les \u00e9trangers ont le devoir de respecter la l\u00e9gislation en mati\u00e8re d\u2019immigration. D\u2019autre part, elle soutient dans le m\u00eame temps que cette m\u00eame l\u00e9gislation rend les \u00e9trangers vuln\u00e9rables en les maintenant en situation irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re. S\u2019entrechoquent ainsi deux logiques radicalement diff\u00e9rentes\u00a0\u2013 l\u2019une de contr\u00f4le, l\u2019autre de protection \u2013 sans qu\u2019aucune ne pr\u00e9vale compl\u00e8tement.<\/p>\n<p>En tout \u00e9tat de cause, le contraste frappant avec le repli constat\u00e9 ailleurs face aux \u00ab afflux massifs \u00bb met en \u00e9vidence combien la d\u00e9marche adopt\u00e9e face \u00e0 une situation per\u00e7ue comme une crise migratoire proc\u00e8de en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 d\u2019un choix d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9 du juge. Loin d\u2019\u00eatre neutre, ce choix traduit une certaine conception de l\u2019\u00e9tranger et de l\u2019hospitalit\u00e9 qui doit lui \u00eatre r\u00e9serv\u00e9e. C\u2019est ainsi tout un imaginaire sur l\u2019\u00e9tranger, complexe, mouvant et parfois empli de contradictions, qui se construit et se reconstruit sans cesse dans les discours juridiques, notamment \u00e0 travers la red\u00e9finition constante des significations attach\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger au sein des jurisprudences constitutionnelles<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_10118_1('footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sur la notion d\u2019imaginaire juridique, voy. Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Kerl\u00e9o, \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019imaginaire\u00a0: un outil m\u00e9thodologique d\u2019analyse du droit\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Revue internationale de s\u00e9miotique juridique<\/i>, vol. 28, n\u00b0 2, juin 2015, p. 359-370. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_10118_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre>Louis Imbert est doctorant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9cole de droit depuis 2017 et ATER en droit public \u00e0 CY Cergy Paris Universit\u00e9 depuis 2020. Il pr\u00e9pare une th\u00e8se intitul\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0La constitution des \u00e9trangers : analyse compar\u00e9e des discours des juges constitutionnels (Colombie, Etats-Unis, France)\u00a0\u00bb, sous la direction des professeurs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ecole-de-droit\/fr\/profile\/tusseau-guillaume.html\">Guillaume Tusseau<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/cesice.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr\/centre\/membres\/serge-slama\">Serge Slama<\/a>. Il est l\u2019auteur de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ecole-de-droit\/fr\/profile\/imbert-louis.html\">plusieurs publications en droit des \u00e9trangers<\/a>.<\/pre>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_10118_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_10118_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_10118_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_10118_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Clifford Geertz, \u00ab Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective \u00bb, in Clifford Geertz, <i>Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology<\/i>, Basic Books, 1983, p. 173.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dani\u00e8le Lochak, <i>\u00c9trangers : de quel droit ?<\/i>, PUF, 1985, p. 7-8.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Barbou des Places, \u00ab Les \u00e9trangers \u2018saisis\u2019 par le droit : Enjeux de l\u2019\u00e9dification des cat\u00e9gories juridiques de migrants \u00bb, <i>Migrations Soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/i>, vol. 128, n\u00b0 2, 2010, p. 33-49<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marie-Laure Basilien-Gainche, \u00ab\u00a0Les fronti\u00e8res europ\u00e9ennes. Quand le migrant incarne la limite\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Revue de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne<\/i>, n\u00b0 609, juin 2017, p. 7. Voy. \u00e9galement Michael Scaperlanda, \u00ab\u00a0Partial Membership: Aliens and the Constitutional Community\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Iowa Law Review<\/i>, vol. 81, n\u00b0 3, mars 1996, p. 707-773<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Clifford Geertz, \u00ab\u00a0Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective\u00a0\u00bb, <i>op. cit.<\/i>, p.\u00a0218<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Une telle d\u00e9marche consiste \u00e0 se plonger dans un contexte particulier afin de se confronter \u00e0 \u00ab une multiplicit\u00e9 de structures conceptuelles complexes, dont beaucoup se superposent ou sont nou\u00e9es entre elles, qui sont \u00e0 la fois \u00e9tranges, irr\u00e9guli\u00e8res et non explicites, et que [l\u2019ethnographe] doit arranger d\u2019une mani\u00e8re ou d\u2019une autre, d\u2019abord pour comprendre et ensuite pour restituer \u00bb (Clifford Geertz, \u00ab\u00a0Thick Description: Towards an Interpretive Theory of Culture\u00a0\u00bb, in Clifford Geertz, <i>The Interpretation of Cultures<\/i>, Basic Books, 1973, p. 10). Voy. \u00e9galement Paul W. Kahn, <i>The Cultural Study of Law: Reconstructing Legal Scholarship<\/i>, University of Chicago Press, 1999. Pour une \u00e9tude de la \u00ab\u00a0formulation de modes d\u2019existence\u00a0\u00bb en droit europ\u00e9en de l\u2019immigration, voy. Lo\u00efc Azoulai, \u00ab\u00a0Le droit europ\u00e9en de l\u2019immigration, une analyse existentielle\u00a0\u00bb, <i>R.T.D. Eur.<\/i>, 2018, p. 519-539. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Clifford Geertz, \u00ab\u00a0Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective\u00a0\u00bb, <i>op. cit.<\/i>, p. 167 et 233. Voy. \u00e9galement G\u00fcnter Frankenberg, <i>Comparative Law as Critique<\/i>, Edward Elgar, 2016. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gerald Neuman, <i>Strangers to the Constitution: Immigrants, Borders and Fundamental Law<\/i>, Princeton University Press, 1996.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mae Ngai, <i>Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America<\/i>, Princeton University Press, 2014. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kevin R. Johnson, \u00ab\u00a0\u2018Aliens\u2019 and U.S. Immigration Laws: The Social and Legal Construction of Nonpersons\u00a0\u00bb, <i>University of Miami Inter-American Law Review<\/i>, vol. 28, n\u00b0 2, hiver 1996-1997, p. 263-292. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nicholas de Genova, \u00ab Migrant \u2018Illegality\u2019 and Deportability in Everyday Life \u00bb, <i>Annual Review of Anthropology<\/i>, vol. 31, 2002, p. 419-447 ; Abdelmalek Sayad, \u00ab\u00a0Immigration et \u2018pens\u00e9e d\u2019Etat\u2019\u00a0\u00bb, in <i>La double absence. Des illusions de l\u2019\u00e9migr\u00e9 aux souffrances de l\u2019immigr\u00e9<\/i>, Seuil, coll. \u00ab Points \u00bb, 1999, pp. 507-508<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Le \u00ab\u00a0<i>Muslim Ban<\/i> \u00bb est une expression employ\u00e9e pour d\u00e9signer un ensemble de d\u00e9cisions prises par le Pr\u00e9sident Donald Trump en 2017 pour restreindre l\u2019entr\u00e9e sur le territoire \u00e9tatsunien des ressortissants de plusieurs pays dont la population est tr\u00e8s majoritairement musulmane. La Cour supr\u00eame a habilement \u00e9vit\u00e9 la question de la discrimination religieuse \u00e0 l\u2019aide de la doctrine du \u00ab pouvoir pl\u00e9nier \u00bb. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nous nous permettons ici de renvoyer \u00e0 Louis Imbert, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.revuedlf.com\/droit-fondamentaux\/dossier\/du-palais-des-droits-de-lhomme-au-palais-royal-chronique-dun-renoncement-jurisprudentiel-face-a-largument-de-la-crise-migratoire\/\">\u00ab\u00a0Du Palais des Droits de l\u2019Homme au Palais-Royal\u00a0: chronique d\u2019un renoncement jurisprudentiel face \u00e0 l\u2019argument de la crise migratoire\u00a0\u00bb<\/a>, <i>RDLF <\/i>2019 chron. 38. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_10118_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_10118_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sur la notion d\u2019imaginaire juridique, voy. Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Kerl\u00e9o, \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019imaginaire\u00a0: un outil m\u00e9thodologique d\u2019analyse du droit\u00a0\u00bb, <i>Revue internationale de s\u00e9miotique juridique<\/i>, vol. 28, n\u00b0 2, juin 2015, p. 359-370. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_10118_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_10118_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_10118_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_10118_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_10118_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_10118_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_10118_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_10118_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_10118_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_10118_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_10118_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_10118_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_10118_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_10118_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse culturelle compar\u00e9e des jurisprudences colombienne et \u00e9tatsunienne par Louis Imbert Les \u00e9trangers n\u2019\u00e9chappent pas \u00e0 la vision du droit qu\u2019en donne l\u2019anthropologue \u00e9tatsunien Clifford<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":10143,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[324,267,268],"tags":[73,38],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10118"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10118"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10182,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10118\/revisions\/10182"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10143"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/research\/cogito\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}