Le désir est un sport de combat

Rébecca Lévy-Guillain

240 p., isbn 978-2383411260 (imprimé ou Ebook), février 2024

Lien vers l'éditeur Arkhé

Les discordances liées à l’affaiblissement du désir sexuel chez les femmes et à sa persistance chez les hommes donnent lieu à des conflits conjugaux au sein des couples, déclenchant parfois ruptures et divorces.
Fondé sur des entretiens biographiques conduits auprès de 130 femmes et hommes âgé.es de 18 à 65 ans, cet ouvrage propose une analyse sociologique des discordances de désir au sein des couples hétérosexuels.

Depuis ces dernières décennies et notamment depuis le début du moment MeToo, les approches envisageant les différences de désir sous le prisme de la domination masculine se diffusent : les femmes n’auraient naturellement pas moins de désir mais elles seraient contraintes par la société. Dans ce contexte, les femmes, en particulier celles qui appartiennent aux nouvelles générations ou à la bourgeoisie culturelle, sont de plus en plus nombreuses à considérer leurs rapports sexuels non désirés comme un indicateur de leur soumission et font donc du respect de leur désir une exigence éthique.
Pour les hommes toutefois, l’accès à la sexualité est à la fois un gage de leur appartenance au groupe des hommes, un vecteur de création d’intimité (et donc un moyen de lutter contre le sentiment de solitude) et une façon de faire l’expérience d’émotions codées comme positives.

Au sein du couple, l’effritement du désir féminin est interprété comme un signe de désamour et un indicateur de mauvaise santé conjugale. Cependant, la régularité sociale d’une telle configuration (moindre désir des femmes par rapport à leurs partenaires) invite à se défaire d’une lecture purement individuelle et contextuelle. Sans nier le rôle de facteurs interpersonnels, propres aux constructions conjugales individuelles, cet ouvrage déplace le regard vers des facteurs structurels en examinant les processus sociaux à l’œuvre. Il montre notamment comment l’apprentissage du désir se décline différemment pour les femmes et pour les hommes, que ce soit au cours de l’enfance ou après l’entrée dans l’âge adulte.
L’ouvrage met par ailleurs au jour plusieurs facteurs sociaux contribuant à expliquer pourquoi ces discordances de désir au sein des couples sont vécues comme étant éminemment problématiques par les femmes et par les hommes.

Image : Studio Cabrelli

Quand le genre travaille le handicap :
enquête sur l'articulation entre handicap et genre sur le marché de l'emploi en France

Soutenance de thèse de Mathéa Boudinet le 14 mai 2024 à Sciences Po

Membres du jury : Pierre Brasseur (Université Libre de Bruxelles - METICES), Didier Demazière (Sciences Po - CSO), Aude Lejeune (Université de Lille - CERAPS), Sophie Pochic (ENS - Centre Maurice Halbwachs), Anne Revillard (Directrice de recherche, Sciences Po - CRIS & LIEPP), Maud Simonet (Université Paris Nanterre - IDHES).

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux situations des femmes handicapées sur le marché de l’emploi en France.  Qu’implique l’appartenance à plusieurs catégories dominées dans les rapports sociaux, sur les positions occupées sur le marché de l’emploi ? Elle s’inscrit dans la sociologie de l’emploi, du genre, du handicap et au champ des recherches consacré à l’articulation des temps sociaux.

La littérature en sociologie a principalement étudié les inégalités professionnelles liées au genre et au handicap de manière séparée, et, quand elle croise explicitement ces variables, elle se divise quant à la manière de qualifier les positions des femmes handicapées : « double discrimination » ? Désavantages liés au handicap tellement importants et structurants que les inégalités de genre sont quasiment inexistantes ?

La thèse étudie la manière dont s’articulent concrètement genre et handicap sur le marché de l’emploi et en emploi, et permet de distinguer les mécanismes sociaux s’appliquant de manière différenciée à la population handicapée ou féminine, de ceux qui seraient spécifiques aux femmes handicapées.

Elle s’appuie sur des méthodes mixtes, croisant l’exploitation de 51 entretiens biographiques individuels auprès de femmes et hommes ayant une déficience visuelle, motrice ou une maladie chroniques, et l’analyse de la vague 2018 de l’enquête INSEE « Emploi en continu ».

La thèse souligne l’intérêt d’analyser les situations professionnelles des personnes handicapées en termes d’articulation des temps sociaux, et met en lumière la prégnance de formes de travail supplémentaires que celles-ci doivent gérer : le travail de santé - l’ensemble des activités contraignantes relatives aux soins et à la gestion de la santé à une échelle individuelle - et le travail de handicap, qui correspond aux activités en lien avec la dimension sociale du handicap, notamment l’adaptation de la personne aux contraintes imposées par son environnement. L’investissement des personnes handicapées dans le travail rémunéré se module selon l’importance que prennent ces deux formes de travail en plus à effectuer pour elles, mais, pour les femmes handicapées, également par le travail domestique induit par la conjugalité et la parentalité. Leur surreprésentation dans l’inactivité économique et le temps partiel s’explique en partie par les effets de la division sexuée du travail.

La thèse met également en lumière les phénomènes de ségrégation horizontales et verticales qui structurent l’emploi des personnes handicapées par rapport aux personnes valides, mais également en fonction du genre au sein de ce groupe. Les personnes handicapées se concentrent plus dans des emplois situés en bas de l’échelle sociale, et leur répartition est cohérente selon le genre : les femmes handicapées sont principalement des employées, et les hommes des ouvriers. En termes de partitions verticales, les femmes handicapées sont désavantagées par rapport aux hommes handicapés, et aux hommes et femmes valides, que ce soit dans l’accès aux professions et catégories professionnelles les plus hautes (cadres, chef-fes d’entreprise, professions intellectuelles supérieures), ou dans l’accès aux responsabilités d’encadrement.

Certaines formes de discriminations en lien avec le handicap se retrouvent à la fois chez les hommes et les femmes handicapées, comme les licenciements, les discriminations à l’embauche, les insultes, ou les refus de promotions. Ces traitements inégalitaires se superposent à ceux relatifs à la race pour les personnes racisées. Cependant, certaines discriminations prennent des formes spécifiques en fonction du genre, et particulièrement du croisement entre genre et handicap. En plus des expériences sexistes « classiques » dont font l’objet l’ensemble des femmes (harcèlement sexuel, inégalités de salaires, violences conjugales), les femmes handicapées font l’objet de stéréotypes au croisement du genre et du handicap (figure de femmes « folles », soupçon d’incompétence). De plus, leurs parcours professionnels sont freinés par leur inadéquation aux critères d’évaluation masculins et valides, et par leur mobilisation des politiques d’aménagements relatives à la maternité et aux aménagements de poste. Enfin, les structures du service public de l’emploi semblent moins adaptées à ce public, du fait de leur représentation implicitement masculine de l’usager-ère typique, et de la prégnance des représentations genrées traditionnelles en termes de division sexuée du travail.

La thèse contribue à une sociologie de l’intersectionnalité. Elle met en lumière l’intériorisation des systèmes de domination par les hommes et femmes handicapées, qui se manifestent notamment par des phénomènes d’euphémisation des discriminations en lien avec le genre et le handicap et par le peu de recours au droit. De plus, ce travail montre que les interprétations en termes d’intersection sont rares dans les discours des personnes handicapées, et que le handicap semble constituer le principal facteur explicatif des inégalités vécues sur le marché de l’emploi pour cette population.

Les soutenances sont réservées aux personnes invitées et aux publics internes de Sciences Po (étudiants, enseignants, chercheurs, salariés).

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, March 29th 2024, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, Room K008 (1, St-Thomas-d'Aquin)

Are occupations “bundles of skills”?
Identifying latent skill profiles in the labor market using topic modeling

Marie Labussière

Postdoctoral researcher
University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences

Occupations are a central unit for understanding inequalities in the labor market. In the literature, it is often assumed that workers in different occupations obtain different labor market returns because they perform different skills and tasks. However, this premise that occupations form distinct bundles of skills has never been empirically tested.

In this study (co-authored with Thijs Bol), we use a unique dataset of millions of online job postings in the United Kingdom to map the skill structure of the labor market and analyze its relationship to existing occupational classifications.

While previous literature has often defined skills as unidimensional and independent factors, we conceptualize and operationalize the notion of "skill profile", which refers to the combination of general and specialized skills that workers are required to master for their jobs.
Using topic modeling on highly detailed job skill requirements, we identify the skill profiles of job postings and analyze the extent to which they vary within and between occupational categories.

Our results reveal both overlap in skill content between occupations and significant heterogeneity within occupations, even using the detailed 3-digit occupational classification. These findings challenge the often assumed role of occupations as distinct bundles of skills, and instead offer new perspectives for analyzing labor market stratification.

Open Seminar. Please register here to join us!

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, March 22th 2024, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, Room K008 (1, St-Thomas-d'Aquin)

Do Children Perform Better in Religious Schools?

Christiaan Monden

Professor of Sociology and Demography
University of Oxford and Nuffield College

Religious schools enjoy a high academic reputation among parents in many societies. Previous studies that assessed the effect of religious schools mostly focused on Catholic schools and were conducted in countries where religious schools are private or where they charge fees and set admission criteria. As a result, the effect of religious schooling could not be separated from the effect of private schooling.

We contribute to the literature by studying the effect of six most prominent religious school denominations in the Netherlands, a country in which both public and religious schools have been publicly funded since 1917, schooling is free of charge and admission is independent of the child’s religious or ideological character.

We use Dutch data that include the entire population of children born between 1999 and 2007.

Combining postcode fixed effects models with treatment effect bounds, we find that children in religious schools outperform children in public schools on a high-stakes standardized test in primary education. The benefits of primary religious schooling were largest for children in Orthodox Protestant, Islamic and Hindu schools, which mostly attract children from a disadvantaged socioeconomic background.

However, the influence of religious schooling fades out by the end of secondary education.

Please register here to join us!

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, March 15th 2024, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, Room K008 (1, St-Thomas-d'Aquin)

They have Black in their blood:
Exploring how genetic ancestry tests affect racial appraisals and classifications

Marissa E. Thompson

Assistant Professor of Sociology at Columbia University

How do genetic ancestry tests (GATs) affect how Black Americans decide when others can – or cannot – identify as Black?

This study explores the role of GATs in shaping racial appraisal and classification logics.
Using a pre-registered nationally representative survey experiment that integrates causal inference with computational text analysis, we disentangle how ancestry (as measured by a GAT) affects how U.S.-born Black Americans draw boundaries around group membership and how these effects vary across setting and prior identification.

We find that, though higher levels of Sub-Saharan African ancestry predict higher likelihoods of approval and classification as Black, even individuals with low levels of such ancestry are likely to have their self-identification validated by respondents, consistent with the practice of hypodescent.
Furthermore, ancestry treatment effects are primarily mediated by perceptions of the integrity of the individual’s self-identification, suggesting that respondents believe there exists an underlying legitimate and honest way to identify that is partially based on one’s GAT result.
However, we also find that the aspects that affect approval and evaluations differ from those that affect classification; the ways that respondents selectively integrate different sources of information, including ancestry, occurs via a dual appraisal and classification process which we term racial contextualism.

Please register here to join us!

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, March 1st 2024, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, Room K008 (1, St-Thomas-d'Aquin)

Losing Your Apartment and Losing Your School:
Prevalence and Consequences of Eviction-Led Forced Mobility for School-Age Children in Houston

Peter Hepburn

Assistant Professor, Rutgers University - Newark
Research Fellow, Eviction Lab, Princeton University

Eviction cases are concentrated among renter households with children, yet we know little about the repercussions of these cases for those children’s educational trajectories. Despite a large body of literature on the negative impacts of residential and school mobility on children’s educational outcomes, little research has been conducted specifically on involuntary moves, which are the moves likely to be most consequential to students.

In this study, we link eviction records in Harris County, TX to educational records of students enrolled in the Houston Independent School District between 2002 and 2016.

At least thirteen thousand public school students in Houston lived in households that were filed against for eviction during this period, with many facing repeated eviction cases. We describe the socio-demographic characteristics of these students, the school moves precipitated by eviction filings, and the effect of both eviction filings and school moves on the risk of absences and suspensions.

Please register here to join us!

Handbook on Human Mobility and Migration

Edited by Ettore Recchi
Professor of Sociology, Sciences Po - CRIS, and Part-time, European University Institute - MPC and
Mirna Safi, Full Professor of Sociology, Sciences Po - CRIS

Edward Elgar Publishing, 320 p., ISBN 978 1 83910 577 7

16 chapters - 21 contributors

This book is organized in three major sections dubbed Rethinking, Mapping, and
Governing. The first section aims to establish the scene theoretically, discussing the historical,
sociological and political backdrop of migration and rethinking some conventional categories
of migration studies that are challenged by a mobility perspective. The second section intends
to describe the geographic scope of transnational human movements and the characteristics of critical mobile populations.
The third section revolves around the regulation and control of mobility and migration on a supra-national and global scale.

In each section the contributions are designed to answer what the editors of this volume deem to be key research questions in the field – a list that constitutes a first building block of readings for anyone wanting to explore mobility and migration studies.

·Is Homo sapiens a growingly mobile species (in the very long run)? Massimo Livi Bacci
·Have migrants become a distinct category in social stratification research? Mirna Safi
·Are migrants a select population?  Mathieu Ichou
· Is there an end to mobility? Circular and onward migrants Louise Caron
· Are international and internal migration distinct phenomena? Marine Haddad and Haley McAvay
· How global is international mobility? Emanuel Deutschmann and Ettore Recchi
· Are high-speed rail and airplane mobilities socially stratified?  Yoann Demoli and Frédéric Dobruszkes
· Where, when and why are students internationally mobile? Christof Van Mol, Joep Cleven and Benjamin Mulvey
· Child migration: who, where, when and why? Chiara Galli
· International retirement migration: who, where, when and why? Russell King
· Public opinion on immigration: is it converging globally or regionally? James Dennison and Alina Vrânceanu
· Visas and border infrastructures: what makes them tighter or looser? Fabian Gülzau and Steffen Mau
· Does the forced/voluntary dichotomy really influence migration governance? Hélène Thiollet, Ferruccio Pastore and Camille Schmoll
· Free movement regimes: is the EU experience exportable? Rainer Bauböck
· Transnational mobility and welfare rights: are they compatible? Maurizio Ferrera and Anna Kyriazi
· Who governs migration and mobilities globally? Andrew Geddes

Interview with editors to describe the project and its added value

La question du partage des données de la recherche est depuis plusieurs années devenue centrale dans le monde académique. Pour encourager la transparence, l’intégrité scientifique, la mise en partage et la ré-employabilité des données, les chercheur‧es sont encouragé‧es à rendre accessibles les données de leurs recherches. Mais quelles sont les conséquences de cette pratique ? Comment la mettre en place concrètement ? 

Célia Bouchet est post-doctorante au CEET (Centre d'études de l'emploi et du travail) du CNAM. Ses recherches, menées notamment au CRIS et au LIEPP (au sein de l'axe Discriminations et Politiques catégorielles), portent sur les mesures et les mécanismes des inégalités sociales, notamment celles liées au handicap et au genre. Depuis la soutenance de sa thèse, elle a largement contribué à disséminer ses résultats de recherche, en facilitant l'accès à ses données. Elle est lauréate du Prix de thèse du Défenseur des Droits 2023 et du Prix science ouverte des données de la recherche 2023, remis par le Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. 

• Aviez-vous dès le départ de votre travail de thèse l'idée de conserver, documenter, permettre une réutilisation de vos données ? 

Non, je pense que cette idée est venue parce que je n’avais pas vraiment de modèles d’ouvertures de données de thèse à disposition. Je n’ai pas été formée à la mise à disposition des données lors de mon master. J’avais plutôt des réflexes de protection des données allant à l’encontre d’une ouverture : protéger l’anonymat des personnes rencontrées en entretien, respecter l’engagement de non-partage des données passé avec l’Adisp (Archives de Données Issues de la Statistique Publique, qui gère la mise à disposition des enquêtes de la statistique publique). Cela étant, c’est une idée qui est arrivée tout de même assez rapidement, au bout d’un an de thèse environ, par deux intermédiaires différents. D’abord, j’ai participé à une formation de l'École de la recherche sur la gestion des données de la recherche, où cette question du devenir des données à l’issue de la recherche était évoquée. Ensuite, au moment du lancement de ma campagne d’entretiens quelques mois plus tard, ma directrice de thèse, Anne Revillard, m’a conseillé de profiter de la fiche d’information que je comptais distribuer aux personnes interrogées afin d’obtenir leur accord explicite pour que d’autres chercheur‧es puissent réutiliser les entretiens. Ces deux influences ont eu un rôle important.

Tracés, 2019, numéro spécial 19, “Les sciences humaines et sociales au travail (ii): Que faire des données de la recherche ?” DOI: 10.4000/traces.10518

Genèses, 2022, numéro 129, “Le procès des données”. DOI: 10.3917/gen.129.0003

Propos recueillis par le Centre de Recherche sur les Inégalités Sociales et le Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d'Evaluation des Politiques Publiques de Sciences Po.
Publié dans la collection des Entretiens, notes & analyses du LIEPP

EN SAVOIR PLUS :

BENDJABALLAH Selma, GARCIA Guillaume, CADOREL Sarah et al., « Valoriser les données d’enquêtes qualitatives en sciences sociales : le cas français de la banque d’enquête beQuali », Documentation et bibliothèques, 2017/4 (Vol. 63), p. 73-85

BOUCHET, Célia. « Comment j’ai déposé les données de ma recherche (sans savoir ce qui m’attendait) » Genèses, 2023/4 (Vol 132), p. 113-129.

BOUCHET, Célia. Rendre accessible et visibiliser ses données et ses codes : retours sur une expérience d'entreposage. Semaine Data-SHS. Traiter et analyser les données quantitatives en sciences humaines et sociales 2022, Plateforme Universitaire de Données des Grands Moulins; Université Paris Cité; Centre de Données Socio-Politiques, Dec 2022.

LEPRINCE, Chloé. Butin à monnayer ou manne à partager : avec les données, les chercheurs peuvent-ils faire feu de tout bois ?, France Culture, 2023.

REBOUILLAT, Violaine. Ouverture des données de la recherche : de la vision politique aux pratiques des chercheurs. Sciences de l'information et de la communication. Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2019.

REVELIN, Florence, LEVAIN, Alix, MIGNON,  Morgane, NOEL, Marianne, QUEFFELEC, Betty, et al.. L'ouverture des matériaux de recherche ethnographiques en question. Rapport d'enquête du projet "Partage et protection des données qualitatives à l’ère du numérique : expériences, enjeux, stratégies". Rapport de recherche. Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 2021.

Guide thématique, Données de la recherche : suivez le guide, Bibliothèque de Sciences Po

Guide thématique, Qu’est ce que la science ouverte ?, Bibliothèque de Sciences Po

Guide thématique, Actualités de la science ouverte, Bibliothèque de Sciences Po

Guide thématique, Demande des bailleurs de fonds pour les projets financés, Bibliothèque de Sciences Po

Plus d’informations sur l’entrepot de données Nakala : https://www.nakala.fr/about

The position of Assistant Professor in Sociology (tenure-track) is affiliated to the Sciences Po - CRIS with the aim to reinforce and complement our expertise in the study of social inequality.The sucessful candidate is expected to play an active role in the center’s collective activity. He / she should also engage in responding to national and international calls to fund research projects and will teach in Sciences Po’s undergraduate and graduate programs.

Applications are due by March 11th 2024. Job talks expected in June 2024 (Paris). Position starting on September 1st, 2024.

We welcome candidates engaged in any of our faculty members' fields, such as education, gender, life course, labor market and economic inequality, social mobility, urban segregation, migration, ethnoracial minorities, cultural, digital, health, criminal justice and environmental inequality. 

We particularly encourage applicants capable of stimulating new expertise in the center on algorithm and AI related inequalities, environmental inequalities or on labor market inequalities.
Profiles that broaden our comparative perspectives by adopting global approaches and/or focusing on low- and middle-income countries are also welcome.

Please download the complete job description and application procedure here (pdf, 121 ko)

CRIS + LIEPP TALK

Migrant Farmworker Injury: Temporality and Eventfulness

Professor Seth M. Holmes

Cultural and medical anthropologist, Physician
University of California, Berkeley
ERC FOODCIRCUITS (2023-2028)
University of Barcelona, ICREA Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Study

Thursday February 8th, Sciences Po, room C210/d'Innovation, 5 p.m. - 7 p.m.

How do social structures and social hierarchies impact bodies, health, injury, and disease for different categories of people? 
How do social hierarchies and socially structured health assymetries come to be understood as normal and natural in society and in medicine?  And when are they confronted or resisted? 

The Centre for Research on social InequalitieS and the Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Evaluation of Public Policies are pleased to invite Professor Seth Holmes, anthropologist and physician at the University of California at Berkeley. During his talk, Professor Holmes will share with us some of his original ethnographic work, partly explained in the book Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies: Migrant Farmworkers in the United States, recently updated and published by the University of California Press (2nd ed. nov. 2023). This work has been translated in French by CNRS Editions (Fruits frais, corps brisés: Les ouvriers agricoles migrants aux États-Unis).   

Professor Holmes explores the ways in which social differences come to count – and be counted – in various senses. His main problematics are the gaze, racialization and racism; the subjectivation of the health professional and the embodied production of the clinical and epidemiological gaze; the legitimation, normalization and naturalization of social inequality.

He shared the daily life, suffering and resistance of Mexican migrants in the United States. He treked with his companions clandestinely through the desert into Arizona, lived with Indigenous families in the mountains of Oaxaca State and in farm labor camps. Exploited by the contemporary food system he planted and harvested corn, picked strawberries, and accompanied sick workers to the hospitals.

During this talk, Professor Holmes will expand on his experience and discuss ths various ways in which social inequities come to be perceived as normal in society and in health care.

Please register here to join us. Thanks.

CRIS & LIEPP Scientific Seminar

Friday, January 12th 2024, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, Room K011 (1, St-Thomas-d'Aquin)

How do transparent admission standards increase the application
to the college-bound upper-secondary school track:
A series of randomized field experiments

Tamás Keller

HU-REN - Institute of Economics at the Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest

Students require accurate information to navigate the education system. In response to this need, various information campaigns have emerged in different fields of social science, with the goal of providing students with essential details. A growing body of empirical literature suggests that schools’ admission standards may discourage students from applying due to the associated risk of non-admission, which students tend to avoid.

This study makes two key contributions to the literature on educational decision-making.
Firstly, we examine how the perception of schools’ admission standards influences students’ perceived admission chances, potentially dissuading them from applying.
Secondly, we conduct a series of pair-matched, cluster-randomized field experiments, revealing schools’ actual admission standards to qualified students to encourage their application.

Our findings indicate that our light-touch treatment led to a small and statistically insignificant main effect.
The paper further delves into heterogeneity in the treatment effect and speculates on reasons why pure information campaigns may not be fully effective.

Please register here!

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, December 15th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, Room K008 (1, St-Thomas-d'Aquin)

Digital Divides?
The Heterogeneous Effect of Broadband Internet Expansion on Adolescent Educational Outcomes

Pablo Gracia

Professor, Trinity College Dublin

The expansion of internet is likely to influence adolescent academic outcomes. Yet, how internet coverage impacts students’ educational performance remains poorly understood.
The present study addresses this major knowledge gap by using a quasi-experimental approach to causally assess how the gradual introduction of home broadband internet across Norwegian municipalities impacted the academic outcomes of graduates from lower-secondary schools (N = 103,796).
Analyses apply sibling fixed-effects models with micro-level registry data from adolescents aged 15 to 16, and compare differences by gender, social background, migrant status, and achievement levels.

Findings show that the introduction of broadband internet across municipalities led to moderate grade improvements, concentrated on boys in the subject areas of Mathematics, Arts and Crafts, Social Sciences, and Norwegian. The positive effect of broadband internet coverage on academic performance was three times larger for boys than for girls. For boys, broadband internet coverage led to strong grade improvements among students of lower-achievement levels and from disadvantaged socioeconomic background, and to moderate grade increases in boys of Norwegian background, while boys from higher-achieving groups and privileged socioeconomic backgrounds reduced their grades moderately.
By contrast, for girls, the expansion of broadband internet coverage worsened substantially the academic performance of those from disadvantaged socioeconomic background, but led to higher grades among girls of migrant origin.

These findings imply that broadband internet growth impacts adolescent educational performance, but differently across population groups, revealing a complex intersection across gender, social background, migrant status, and achievement levels.
The implications of the study are globally discussed by considering literature on digital divides, stratification, and adolescent academic outcomes.

Please register here!

To find out more

• Paper on SocArXiv
• Institutionnal homepage: tcd.ie/tricc/people/GRACIAP
• Homepage: pablogracia-sociology.com

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, December 8th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, Room K008 (1, St-Thomas-d'Aquin)

Racial-Ethnic Stratification in Work-Family Strategies among Black, Hispanic, and White Couples

Léa Pessin

Assistant Professor of Sociology, ENSAE-CREST

This presentation builds on work-family scholarship and intersectional frameworks to document racial-ethnic variation in couples’ work-family strategies, i.e., the strategies couples deploy to respond to their work and family demands.

Existing research on the division of labor finds traditional gender norms continue to dictate how couples share paid and unpaid work in the United States. Yet, this narrative relies primarily on the structural conditions and cultural expectations of white and middle-class women. Black and Hispanic women and men face different labor market opportunities and hold different cultural expectations about gendered responsibilities in families.

We use the 2017-2019 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (https://psidonline.isr.umich.edu) and multi-group latent-class analysis to determine typical work-family strategies for paid work, housework, and carework among U.S. different-sex couples, as well as how the prevalence of these strategies vary across racially homogamous Black, Hispanic, and white couples.

Results illustrate the variety of work-family strategies employed by different-sex Black, Hispanic, and white couples, with some following gender traditional norms, and others sharing their domestic load more equitably. Compositional differences between couples explain little of the racial-ethnic differences in work-family strategies prevalence, though parenthood emerges as an important stratifying mechanism of how couples spend their time.

This work provides support for an intersectional, couple-level approach to explaining how racialized couples spend time in work and family domains.

Please Register Here. Thank You

Measuring the educational gradient of period fertility in 28 European countries:
A new approach based on parity-specific fertility estimates

Angela Greulich, Laurent Toulemon (INED)

Demographic Research, vol. 49, art. 34, p. 905-968, doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2023.49.34

By delivering a new method for measuring the educational gradient of fertility for women who are of childbearing age (15-49) rather than for women who have already completed their reproductive years, the research enables a timely analysis of within-country differentials of period fertility behavior.

To measure period fertility by education for 24 EU and 4 non-EU countries in Europe, data from the European Union’s Survey of Income and Living Conditions, EU-SILC (Eurostat 2020) have been used. With a semi-retrospective approach, the authors observe the parity-specific fertility behavior of cohorts that are of childbearing age, while at the same time recording the educational level correctly. Bayesian statistics allow to obtain credible intervals for the age-, education-, and parity-specific birth probabilities for each country. These birth probabilities are then combined into a multi-state life table in order to obtain parity-specific and total birth intensities by education. A post-stratification of birth probabilities allows consistency with national fertility estimates, enabling international comparisons of specific groups (e.g., highly educated women) or of particular dimensions of fertility behavior (e.g., childlessness).

The analytical-setup reveals whether there are significant differences in fertility behavior between education groups in each European country and how these differentials vary between countries.
The authors answer the question of whether heterogeneity in period fertility behavior is greater among the higher- or the lower-educated. In addition, they show for which parity the heterogeneity between education groups is the largest.

Even if low-educated women have the highest period fertility levels in almost all covered European countries, the educational gradient is not always negative. In one-third of European countries, period fertility levels in 2010 exhibit a U-shaped pattern, with the middle-educated having the lowest fertility. The diversity in period fertility levels among highly educated women in Europe is due to the transitions to first and second childbirth of highly educated women being higher in some countries than in others, while higher-order childbirths exhibit a more negative educational gradient across Europe.

The temporal dimension of parental employment: Temporary contracts, non-standard work schedules, and children’s education in Germany

Bastian Betthäuser, Nhat An Trinh, Anette Eva Fasang

European Sociological Review, jcad073, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcad073

Even though non-standard employment is on the rise, we still know little about how common non-standard work is amongst parents, and whether its negative consequences are further transmitted to their children. Using data from the German Microcensus (2012-2019), this article documents the prevalence and concentration of temporary employment and non-standard work schedules in households with children in Germany. It also examines the extent to which variation in this temporal dimension of parental employment is associated with children’s school track.

Results show that in about half of all German households with children in lower-secondary school at least one parent has a temporary contract or regularly works evenings or Saturdays. The authors find that children whose mother always works evenings or Saturdays are substantially less likely to transition to the academic school track. By contrast, they find no significant association between fathers’ non-standard work schedules and children’s school track and no evidence of an association between parents’ temporary employment and children’s school track placement.

These divergent findings highlight the importance of disaggregating non-standard work into its specific components and differentiating between mothers' and fathers' non-standard work when investigating the consequences of parental non-standard work for children’s educational and life chances.

Se montrer présent
Réception du congé de paternité, parentalités et masculinités
de la grossesse à la petite enfance

Soutenance de thèse de Alix Sponton

Vendredi 15 décembre 2023 à 14h30, à l'IEP de Paris, 1 place Saint-Thomas d'Aquin (présentiel uniquement).

Les congés postnataux destinés aux pères sont aujourd’hui considérés comme des leviers d’action clés pour réduire les inégalités femmes-hommes, notamment parce qu’ils contribueraient à un meilleur partage des responsabilités familiales. À partir d’enquêtes quantitatives et d’entretiens répétés auprès d’hommes avant et après la naissance de leur premier enfant, cette thèse questionne dans quelle mesure, et par quels procédés, le congé de paternité de deux semaines (2002-2021) favorise effectivement la participation masculine aux tâches parentales et ménagères en France. Elle croise sociologie de l’action publique, de la famille et du genre.

Alors que la littérature a davantage examiné les effets de la durée des congés posés par les hommes sur leur engagement parental, cette thèse souligne l’importance de considérer les différentes manières dont les pères emploient la politique publique, en pratique. La période à laquelle les deux semaines sont mobilisées révèle des interprétations et usages variés du congé, qui n’ont pas les mêmes implications. Lorsqu’il est posé dès la naissance, le congé de paternité entraine un pic d’engagement paternel et un meilleur partage du sommeil au cours de l’après-accouchement. Par contraste, lorsque le congé de paternité est reporté de quelques semaines, avant que les mères n’aient repris leur activité professionnelle, les pères l’utilisent le plus souvent au cours de périodes de vacances pour profiter de moments conviviaux en famille, souvent loin du domicile et du quotidien.
À plus long terme, les hommes qui ont posé un congé participent légèrement plus aux tâches parentales les plus valorisées, mais leurs compagnes ne réduisent pas leur propre investissement temporel. Ainsi, sans la mise en place d’autres arrangements professionnels durables, le recours perturbe peu la division genrée des rôles parentaux. Par ailleurs, le suivi des trajectoires parentales souligne que la façon dont les pères s’approprient la politique préfigure, plus qu’elle n’influence, les pratiques paternelles.

Finalement, le recours au congé est particulièrement emblématique des normes de « présence paternelle » actuelles, en ce qu’il permet à la plupart des pères de rendre visible un intérêt pour l’enfant sans compromettre l’activité professionnelle.

Composition du jury:
Laura Bernardi, professeure ordinaire, Université de Lausanne (rapportrice)
Marta Domínguez Folgueras, associate professor, Sciences Po, CRIS (codirectrice)
Alban Jacquemart, maître de conférences, Université Paris Dauphine, IRISSO (examinateur)
Agnès Martial, directrice de recherche, CNRS, CNE/EHESS (rapportrice)
Ariane Pailhé, directrice de recherche, Ined (codirectrice)
Olivia Samuel, professeure des universités, Université Paris Nanterre, Cresppa (examinatrice)

Since this fall, Magda Boutros is a new permanent researcher, joining the CRIS team. 
In addition to her personal page and C.V., Magda Boutros agreed to answer a few questions to better present her field of study and her ongoing / future projects.

• Can you tell us a little more about your background before joining CRIS?

Before getting into academia I worked as a human rights researcher in Egypt on issues of policing, criminal justice, and prison conditions, including during the 2011 revolution. I decided to get a PhD in sociology because I wanted to better understand how these institutions function, and how people organise collectively to resist the violence and inequalities that they produce. I got my PhD from Northwestern University; then I spent one year at Brown University as a postdoc, before taking on a faculty position at the University of Washington in 2021. I joined CRIS in September 2023.

• How would you describe your area of expertise and your main field of investigation?

My research examines the violence and inequalities produced and reproduced by policing and criminal justice institutions, and how people act collectively to challenge them.
I'm currently finalising a book about French movements against racialised policing, which compares three activist coalitions. The book analyses how activists challenge the power of the police to determine what is known, and what remains unknown, about policing and the inequalities it generates - how they produce evidence of the policing practices they denounce, and how their knowledge-making practices shape their discourse and their influence on the political debate.
Previously, I studied how Egyptian activists developed novel tactics to make up for the police's failure to protect women from sexual violence in public spaces, through "intervention teams" that they deployed during protests and in large crowds.

• What do you particularly want to develop in terms of research over the next few years? What work will mark the beginning of your career at CRIS?

So far, my work has focused on activist movements against policing. In my upcoming projects, I intend to focus more on analysing policing practices that reproduce violence and inequalities, and on the mechanisms that undergird these practices. For example, I'm currently involved in a collaborative project with Aline Daillère on the "eviction of undesirables" from public spaces (the police's term, not mine), through identity checks, detention in police custody, and monetary fines. We're looking at why these practices are growing in France over the past decade, what they look like in practice, who they target, and what their consequences are for marginalised groups. 

• What current events are currently attracting your attention in the public arena, that you're following, or that raise questions for you?

Right now, the extreme violence and destruction unleashed in the Middle East is taking all my attention. It raises similar questions that I work on, about state violence and how racialisation processes help justify and normalise it.

Beyond “Do neighbourhoods matter?
Investigating heterogeneous neighbourhood effects on youth development
PhD Thesis Defence

Laura Silva
Thursday, November 30th, Sciences Po

Jury:
Lidia Panico, Professeur des universités, Sciences Po, CNRS, CRIS
Haley McAvay, Lecturer, University of York
Mirna Safi, Full Professor, Sciences Po, CNRS, CRIS (supervisor)
Geoffrey Wodtke, Associate Professor, University of Chicago (rapporteur)
Fabrizio Bernardi, Catedratico , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (rapporteur)
Felix Tropf, Associate Professor, University College London (UCL) and Purdue University

Neighbourhoods are meso-level social structures within which individuals live and develop and are therefore known to affect youth education-related outcomes. I try to better understand the specific conditions under which neighbourhood effects may take place and the specific underlying mechanisms.

In this PhD thesis, I investigate three research questions: Does neighbourhood deprivation shape the development of cognitive and non-cognitive skills and how does this vary by gender?
Is there a multigenerational neighbourhood effect on cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes ?
Do neighbourhood conditions interact with education-related genes in affecting education-related outcomes?

I provide answers building on the UK - National Child Development Study (NCDS) data, the ongoing 1958 cohort. I use a wide range of estimation methods to identify the effects of neighbourhoods on a large range of outcomes that relate to either the cognitive or the non-cognitive youth development dimensions.
In particular, I exploit the process of allocation of social housing in the UK in the 1970s as well as regression with residuals modelling to improve the causal estimation of neighbourhood effects.

This thesis shows that growing up in relatively disadvantaged areas negatively affects both cognitive and non-cognitive development. Neighbourhood deprivation particularly negatively affects girls, as compared to boys. Moreover, individual family histories of neighbourhood disadvantage have a lingering effect.
As for the interaction with genetic predispositions, I find that living in more advantaged neighbourhoods narrows the gap between individuals characterised by high and low genetic predispositions for academic motivation and achievement. This emphasises the compensating role that advantaged neighbourhoods might play in reducing social inequalities in education.
Overall, this thesis highlights the complex interplay between individual characteristics and neighbourhood environments in shaping the production and re-production of education inequalities. I emphasise the need for policies and interventions to create supportive and equitable neighbourhood environments.

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, November 10th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, Room K008 (1 St Thomas)

The Changing and Uneven Landscape of Gender Gaps in STEM

Joseph Cimpian
Professor of Economics and Education Policy, New York University

Gender disparities in science, technology, engireering and mathematics (STEM) college majors have received substantial attention, with varying gender gaps across fields.
While biology and mathematics approach a 1-to-1 male-to-female ratio, physics, engineering, and computer science (PECS) remain at a 4-to-1 gap.

This talk explores potential causes and solutions for the PECS gender disparity.

Surprisingly, low-achieving men outnumber women in PECS, which cannot be easily explained by student-level factors suggested in the literature. With this background, we turn to understanding the role of institutions in perpetuating or closing gender gaps.

Analyzing a near census of 34 million U.S. Bachelor’s degrees awarded from 2002 to 2022 reveals considerable disparities across institutions. Schools serving lower-achieving students witness a widening PECS male-to-female ratio, reaching 7:1, while those with higher-achieving students narrow the gap to below 2:1.

Despite accounting for key student-level factors including prior achievement and majoring intentions, institutional differences persist, emphasizing the need for interventions in institutions serving lower-achieving students, where men dominate PECS programs.

Please register here!

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, October 20th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, Salle du Conseil (13 Rue de l'Université)

The Long Crisis of Black Masculinity in Racial Capitalism

Jordanna Matlon
Associate Professor, School of International Service, American University

In this talk, Matlon examines competing constructions of modern manhood in the West African metropolis of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

Engaging the histories, representational repertoires, and performative identities of men in Abidjan and across the Black Atlantic, Jordanna Matlon shows how French colonial legacies and media tropes of Blackness root masculine identity and value within labor, consumerism, and commodification.

Matlon provides a broad chronological and transatlantic account of Black masculinity that culminates in an ethnography of the livelihoods and lifestyles of vendeurs ambulants, underemployed men in Abidjan's informal economy. In doing so, Matlon demonstrates how men's subjectivities are formed in dialectical tension by and through hegemonic ideologies of race and patriarchy.

Mandatory Registration. Thank You !

Diverging pathways:
the effects of initial legal status on immigrant socioeconomic and residential outcomes in France

Tianjian Lai (University of Chicago), Haley McAvay (University of York), Mirna Safi
European Sociological Review, 28 September, doi: 10.1093/esr/jcad047

Read or download the Paper (available in Open Access)

This article provides an empirical assessment of the effects of migrants’ initial legal status on socioeconomic attainment focusing on three outcomes:

• household income, 
• neighbourhood disadvantage, 
• concentration in immigrant neighbourhoods.

The regulation of migration in modern nation-states entails the sorting of newcomers along legal lines of demarcation that define residency status. These legal distinctions upon arrival grant or deny rights and opportunities and determine access to citizenship and socioeconomic resources. Certain legal statuses allow migrants to enter the labour market immediately (i.e. work permits), while others provide a faster track to citizenship (i.e. marriage permits). These classifications further shape the degree of inclusion and reception that immigrants encounter.

In this article, we draw on a unique, large-sample data source from France, the Trajectories and Origins (TeO) survey, which includes rare information on migrants’ first residency permit and a wide range of premigration variables. We focus on five initial permit categories - refugee, student, worker, spouse of a French citizen, and family reunification - and measure their impact on socioeconomic attainment and residential attainment as reported at the time of the survey.
Our empirical strategy seeks to disentangle the effects of legal status from confounding factors implementing a series of different methodological approaches.

The results first show that immigrants’ outcomes vary by their initial legal status. Migrants who arrived in France with student, worker and French spouse permits tend to be more advantaged in socioeconomic outcomes, while refugees face greater disadvantage. Yet, some of these disparities disappear once premigration variables and/or individual heterogeneity are accounted for. These results suggest that most initial legal status categories are stratified prior to arrival and not stratifiers in the destination country per se. However, we consistently measure a negative effect of refugee status on respondents’ income across diverse model specifications, suggesting a lasting impact of this legal category.

Linking Wealth and Power: Direct Political Action of Corporate Elites and the Wealthiest Capitalist Families in the United States and Germany

Lukas Arndt (PhD, Sciences Po - CRIS & MPIfG Cologne)

CRIS Papers n° 2023-1, October 2023, 32p., doi 10.25647/osc.papers.05

Download the Paper (Hal Sciences Po)
Download the Appendix (Data.sciencespo)

As Thomas Piketty argued, wealth concentration at the top of the distribution in many economically developed countries might lead to continuous concentration of large fortunes among a few super-rich families. At the same time, what he calls “superstar managers” receive astronomical salaries.

Do individuals with power in the economy translate it into political power in capitalist democracies? And if yes, what do these individuals want to achieve?
Are they just pragmatically using access to influence economic policy, maximizing their own profits? Or do they use their economic power to advocate for an ideological agenda that might be different from the rest of the voters?

This study inquires whether two groups of individuals with power in the economy directly translate it into political power in capitalist democracies: The corporate elite and super-rich capitalist families.

It does so by analyzing three potential “avenues of influence”: Lobbying or party donations through controlled firms, and individual party donations.

Shareholders and managers of the largest German and US firms are analyzed.

First, 6,227 members of US and German families with large assets are identified.
Second, the national corporate elites are identified.
Individual and firm data is then used to predict lobbying and party contribution in 2019-2021 with logistic regressions.

Results suggest that direct political action on the part of the super-rich and the corporate elite is much more prevalent and more ideological in the United States than in Germany. If they engage at all,
the super-rich tend to be a very conservative group who use all three avenues of influence complementarily. However, the magnitude of super-rich and elite money does not favor the idea of an “oligarchy” in either of the two countries, at least not through these direct and visible channels.

Inequality and the Environment Symposium for Early-career Researchers

Organized by Sciences Po's Center for Research on social InequalitieS, in partnership with the
World Inequality Lab at the Paris School of Economics

Co-Chairs: Lucas Chancel (Sciences Po - CRIS and Harvard Kennedy School)
Carlo Barone (Sciences Po - CRIS)
Committee: Carlo Barone, Lucas Chancel, Eloi Laurent, Allison Rovny

Rising inequality and environmental degradation are two critical challenges of our time. Our knowledge about the interplay between socio-economic inequality, environmental degradation, and environmental policies remains limited. The literature on inequality and the environment presents various conceptual, empirical, and theoretical gaps hindering societies’ ability to effectively address these issues.
Important questions remain unanswered, such as: How can governments address inequality while averting the exacerbation of climate and biodiversity crises? Which welfare regimes could be compatible with deep decarbonization? What types of political coalitions can support these changes? What role have income and wealth inequality played in accelerating or slowing environmental degradation?

From a methodological standpoint, the basic measurement and analysis of environmental inequalities is a complex task. How can emission inequalities between individuals and social groups be systematically measured? How can the multidimensional distributional impacts of environmental regulations be tracked and explained? How to accurately measure and understand the intersection of social class, gender, racial, and spatial inequalities to better explain observed pollution and depollution patterns?

This symposium aims to present, discuss, and foster innovative approaches to social science research on environmental inequality across three broad research streams :

• Inequalities in the impacts of environmental degradation;
• Inequalities in contributions to environmental damage; 
• Inequalities in capacities to act against pollution or to cope with environmental policies.

We invite PhD students and Post-Docs from economics, sociology, psychology, political science, geography, demography, history, environmental sciences and related fields to submit their papers and participate in the symposium. The event will take place on one day at Sciences Po (Paris). This symposium provides a platform to present groundbreaking research, engage in discussions, and collaborate with other researchers. The participation in person is highly encouraged to facilitate scientific exchanges among researchers, but online participation is possible particularly for researchers from outside Europe.

Please download here the submission guidelines.

Deadline for Submission: November 1st, 2023.

For queries, contact : lucas.chancel@sciencespo.fr and carlo.barone@sciencespo.fr.

Join us in this endeavor to bridge the knowledge gap and foster the outstanding of social science research on inequality and the environment. We look forward to your contributions and insights!

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, September 29th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, 27, rue Saint-Guillaume, room François Goguel

Immigration News Remix: Unraveling Online Distortions of Mainstream Narratives

Katharina Tittel (PhD Student, Sciences Po - CRIS & Medialab)

Media studies have long scrutinized the portrayal of migration, primarily within traditional newspapers, and assuming a top-down influence of elite-produced news frames on audiences. However, social media has disrupted these dynamics, challenging conventional media effects theories and raising questions about the roles of political actors, citizens, and civil society organizations in content distribution and framing effects. Which contents actually circulate, by whom, and how are they shared?

This research diverges from past content-centric studies, focusing on the circulation of news content online. It relies on digital-trace data from Facebook shares of immigration-related articles from mainstream newspapers in Germany and France from 2015 to 2019, as well as the sources shared in French immigration-related tweets from 2020 to 2021, using natural language processing, manual source classification, and combining the Twitter dataset with Chapel Hill expert survey data to estimate users' ideological leanings.

The analysis reveals that far-right political activists, along with anti-immigrant civil society groups, not only extensively share content from far-right outlets but also remix and recontextualize mainstream news, selectively emphasizing elements that further their agendas. In contrast, centrist and leftist voices, as well as refugee solidarity groups, exhibit markedly reduced engagement.

In the current political climate marked by the ascent of far-right movements in Germany and France, this research exposes how ostensibly "neutral" immigration news can become instruments to advance far-right political agendas. The observed silence among centrist and leftist groups further invites contemplation regarding how such behaviors may inadvertently leave the online space to extremist voices.

Just as organizations and scholars increasingly discuss the challenges of "fake news" and the necessity of fact-checking, this study underscores the urgency of addressing not only the spread of factually false information but also the subtler transformations of factually true mainstream news narratives.

Mandatory Registration. Thank You !

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2023-2024

Friday, September 15th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, 1 place St-Thomas, room K008

Assessing responsibility for GHG emissions

Antonin Pottier (Maître de Conférences, EHESS - CIRED)

Numerous assessments of the responsibility for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions already exist in the literature. Assessing responsiblity however assumes a responsibility principle, that is a connection between emissions and the social entities deemed responsible for them. While the responsibility principles for countries have long been debated, the recent focus of the literature on individual emissions has relied only on consumer responsibility. I will highlight that the problem is analogous for both countries and individual: measuring emissions presupposes a perspective on the responsibility of agents.

I will then present two recent empirical studies that assess GHG emissions inequality in France. These studies are founded on contrasting responsibility principles: downstream responsibility, also known as income-based accounting, and upstream or consumer responsibility, often referred to as consumption-based accounting. Additionally, I will delve into a comprehensive discussion of the limitations of our data when it comes to evaluating consumption-based emissions, often referred to as the carbon footprint.

Mandatory Registration. Thank You !

Effects of absolute levels of neighbourhood ethnic diversity vs. changes
in neighbourhood diversity on prejudice:
Moderation by individual differences in personality

Laura Silva, Franco Bonomi Bezzo, James Laurence & Katharina Schmid

Social Science Research, Vol. 115, September 2023, 102919

doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102919 (View or Download the paper here)

This paper examines drivers of prejudicial attitudes among adults in the UK, focusing on the interaction between ethnic out-group size and personality traits.
Leveraging data from the National Child Development Study (NCDS), we use two survey waves carried out in 2000 and 2008, just before and after the EU enlargement policy that drove a wave of immigration in the UK.
We test the extent to which personality traits moderate the relationship between both absolute levels and changes in ethnic diversity at the local level, respectively, and prejudice.

Key findings suggest that both an individual's personality traits and the level of neighbourhood diversity matter for their intergroup attitudes. Secondly, personality traits, and in particular, one's levels of agreeableness, do appear important for conditioning how the proportion of non-white British in one's neighbourhood affects their prejudicial attitudes. Individuals with high agreeableness tend to be more tolerant of outgroup members and less likely to hold negative stereotypes.
One's level of agreeableness appears to determine how one reacts to neighbourhood diversity, potentially leading to an even greater polarisation in outgroup attitudes between low-/high agreeableness residents as neighbourhoods become more diverse.
Contrary to our predictions and prior research, we were unable to find robust evidence for the effect of openness to experience.

These findings have important implications for theorising how contextual and individual characteristics jointly affect intergroup relations.

Charlotte Corchete et Bartholomew Konechni, parmi les lauréats 2023 du programme Jeune Recherche

Proposé par le LIEPP et l'Université Paris Cité, ce programme s'adresse aux doctorants et jeunes docteurs, toutes disciplines confondues. Une subvention d'appui de 2000€ est attribuée aux lauréats.

Parmi les 16 projets lauréats, 2 sont portés par des doctorants du CRIS.

Charlotte Corchete : Corriger les conséquences des biais ethno-genrés lors de l'évaluation des élèves à l’aide d’un barème de notation ? Un essai randomisé contrôlé auprès des enseignant.e.s de français au collège

En France, les récentes statistiques produites par la DEPP ont montré qu’il existe des écarts de performance non expliqués par l’origine sociale pour les garçons de troisième d'origine maghrébine ou subsaharienne et que de potentiels biais ethno-genrés peuvent s’activer lors des processus d’évaluation et de suivi scolaire. Il est intéressant de mesurer et de réduire ce phénomène afin de favoriser l’égalité.

Le projet comprend une revue de littérature systématique de l'ensemble des expérimentations portant sur les potentiels biais ethno-genrés des enseignant.e.s (notamment concernant les notes, le comportement et l'orientation scolaire). Il se fixe aussi pour objectif de réaliser une expérimentation peu coûteuse et facile à mettre en oeuvre par l'action publique afin d’encourager le recours aux barèmes de notation précis, déjà utilisés pour le brevet des collèges.

Bartholomew Konechni: Studying the Changing Pattern of Protective Behaviours During the COVID-19 Crisis - Etudier l'évolution des mesures de protection pendant la crise de Covid

La pandémie a posé un défi fondamental à la politique de santé. En l'absence de mesures efficaces, les gouvernements ont eu recours à trois grandes solutions : la coercition, le soutien économique et la vaccination. Elles ont ouvert la voie à de nouveaux instruments de gouvernance comme le confinement, le port du masque obligatoire, les aides financières directes aux plus pauvres, le passeport sanitaire... Bien que nombre de ces politiques aient effectivement permis de réduire le nombre de cas et de décès, la plupart d'entre elles se sont avérées difficiles à mettre en oeuvre, notamment sur le long terme.
En se concentrant sur les pays européennes et nord-américaines, ce projet cherche à répondre à plusieurs questions comme le niveau d'adhésion à ces mesures tout au long de la crise en fonction de leur type (coercition, incitations et vaccinations) ou l'identification de facteurs ayant modéré l'efficacité des politiques mises en oeuvre.

La liste complète des lauréats est disponible sur le site du LIEPP.

Anne-Cécile Ott est chercheure postdoctorante au CRIS depuis le mois de février 2023. Elle collabore au projet MaMa - Du Monde d’Avant au Monde d’Après - porté par le CNRS.  

Anne-Cécile, quel est votre champ de recherche ? 

J’ai mené mes travaux de thèse au laboratoire Géographie-cités, en géographie sociale et culturelle, dans une perspective assez sociologique et pluri-méthodologique. Mon sujet portait sur la sociogénèse des manières de représenter le monde. J’ai interrogé 248 enfants de primaire, de profil social varié, pour étudier leurs représentations de l’espace mondial. Au travers de discussions individuelles ou collectives, de dessins ou de jeux, cette approche m’a permis d’appréhender la diversité des manières enfantines de penser le monde mais aussi la construction de stéréotypes ou d’enjeux éthiques et moraux - comme le rapport à l’altérité ou à l’environnement - à des échelles très éloignées du quotidien de la maison ou de l’école.
J’ai observé de fortes différenciations entre les représentations des enfants, qui sont parfois imputables à l’âge où à l’influence de l’Ecole mais aussi à leur socialisation familiale, par les médias ou entre pairs. Les représentations du monde ont fonctionné comme un laboratoire permettant d’observer la socialisation en train de se faire et de montrer que la socialisation des enfants au monde et par le monde crée et renforce des rapports de domination structurant le monde social  
Mon arsenal méthodologique est assez varié : enquête qualitative par entretien, statistiques descriptives, analyse textuelle… L’ancrage sociologique est évident ; c’est ce qui guide mes recherches.
Je suis qualifiée dans deux disciplines : en géographie et en sociologie.

En quelques mots, qu'étudient les chercheurs du projet MaMa ?

C’est un projet que l’on peut qualifier de multidimensionnel. Lancé par le CNRS et l’InSHS, il associe 6 laboratoires de recherche, avec plusieurs équipes par laboratoire, pour étudier les dynamiques, les processus et les reconfigurations sociales provoquées par la crise du Covid-19. Il intègre des chercheurs en santé, éducation, travail, ou culture, qui doivent apporter des éléments permettant de mesurer ce qui a changé ou pas avec la pandémie.
Le volet culture est pris en charge au CRIS et à Géographie-cités, sous la direction de Philippe Coulangeon (DR CNRS) et de Thomas Louail (CR CNRS).

Quelle est pour vous la question centrale ?

Au cœur de ce volet culturel, il y a la différenciation sociale des pratiques culturelles et numériques, notamment musicales, la formation des goûts et leur évolution dans le temps, avec une attention sur les périodes de confinement. Un des premiers enseignements est d’ailleurs que les gens semblent avoir de plus en plus de mal à se souvenir de cette période.

Quelles sont les données utilisées ?

L’étude des pratiques culturelles avant et après Covid utilise 3 types de données :
- une enquête par questionnaire que nous menons auprès des membres du panel ELIPSS (Sciences Po – CDSP, il s’agit d’un échantillon représentatif de la population française qui existe depuis 2012 et permet ainsi de disposer de données longitudinales),
- des données d’écoutes musicales venant d’un partenariat avec la plateforme Deezer que je vais utiliser sur le terrain. Ce partenariat était déjà effectif pour le projet RECORDS qui arrive bientôt à son terme et impliquait des chercheurs du CRIS et de Géographie-cité.  
- deux séries d’entretiens approfondis, de 1h30 en moyenne, qui sont de ma responsabilité, du design à l’exploitation des récits. Ces entretiens avec les abonnés DEEZER contiennent des moments d’écoute de morceaux sélectionnés pour susciter des réactions, des impressions. Les commentaires recueillis alors peuvent être très différents des réponses spontanées ou par questionnaire. C’est toute la richesse que permet l’exploitation de la mixité des matériaux collectés dans le projet

Qu’est-ce qui vous apparait le plus motivant dans ce projet ?

La diversité des données que nous récoltons et qui entrent en synergie pour répondre aux objectifs de recherche. Je mène 48 entretiens auprès de parents et adolescents abonnés à Deezer pour comprendre les logiques de socialisation familiales aux pratiques culturelles et aux styles musicaux : la construction du goût... et du dégoût. Chaque individu est échantillonné en fonction des plusieurs variables comme le niveau de diplôme, le genre, l’âge, et la composition du foyer (adelphie). Dans tous les cas, nous disposons des données d’usage de Deezer, non seulement individuelles, mais aussi de l’abonnement « famille ». Je peux ici interroger les représentations et les pratiques, mais aussi mesurer l’écart entre le déclaratif et les pratiques réelles des abonnés, via les statistiques de stream enregistrées par la plateforme. Peu de chercheurs disposent de cette richesse et diversité de données… qui ouvrent d’autres angles d’étude. 

N’est-ce pas une situation un peu violente de confronter discours et usage dans un face à face ?

Nous avons des techniques pour susciter des commentaires sur les pratiques des volontaires ayant accepté l’entretien. Un petit outil développé par un chercheur (Robin Cura) permet de visualiser les données d’historique d’écoute. On confronte les gens à leur pratique sous forme ludique : des devinettes sur leurs morceaux favoris, les temps d’écoute, le Top 10 des artistes…

Avez-vous déjà des éléments sur cette transmission des goûts ? Peut-on penser qu’on idéalise ou sanctuarise souvent les musiques écoutées par nos parents ?

Moi j’avais un parti pris un peu inverse en m’attendant à des réactions critiques, de rejet. Mais en effet, j’ai été un peu surprise par la manière très positive dont les répondants, à l’âge adulte, parlent des goûts musicaux de leurs parents. D’où notre envie d’enquêter également auprès d’adolescents, à une période où les relations parents-enfants sont potentiellement plus conflictuelles. En fait, il ne faut pas considérer de manière trop verticale la socialisation. Elle émane de plusieurs sources : l’école, les média, les copines, les cousines… On perçoit parfois des traumatismes vécus pendant l’enfance qui se manifestent par un puissant rejet des pratiques familiales et qui serviront de guide pour la transmission à ses propres enfants.

Ces questions ne sont-elles pas redevables d’autres disciplines, comme la psychologie ?

Nous ne prenons pas les mêmes angles. Par exemple, les études sur les représentations spatiales des enfants, ont longtemps été l’apanage des psychologues. Pour Jean Piaget, dans les années 20, ces représentations évoluent par stades successifs de développement. D’abord la maison, puis le quartier… Mes travaux centrés sur les dynamiques sociales montrent des éléments allant dans un autre sens : les enfants ont des représentations de l’espace mondial dès leur prime jeunesse, et le milieu social à une influence primordiale sur la construction des représentations. Je me positionne donc différemment. D’autres chercheurs peuvent choisir des angles complémentaires. 

Comment ce travail va-t-il être valorisé ? Cela vous incite-t-il à réorienter vos travaux de recherche ?

Il y a bien entendu le rapport final remis à l’INSHS qui reprendra mes conclusions, mais aussi, dans  un planning très serré, la co-rédaction d’un article scientifique dans une revue anglo-saxonne à la fin de mon contrat. Nous avons choisi une revue reconnue en sciences sociales, compatible avec le sujet et les méthodes déployées. Le  budget pour externaliser les retranscriptions a permis  de se concentrer sur le design et le traitement des questionnaires.
Je considère que ce postdoctorat enrichit ma problématique de socialisation familiale et transmission de dispositions éthiques et morales, déployée depuis le Master.

Êtes-vous satisfaite des conditions d’accueil et d'intégration au CRIS ?

Les lieux sont magnifiques, il y a des postes de travail en open space mais on peut demander un bureau, je peux participer à tous les séminaires du laboratoire et j’ai petit à petit partagé des moments de convivialité avec les doctorants. L'environnement de travail est très stimulant. 
  

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, June 30th 2023, 10:00 am
Sciences Po (13, rue de l'Université) - Salle du Conseil

Not all Gangs are Created Equal: Criminal Governance in London

Federico Varese

Professor of Sociology, Sciences Po - CEE

The paper explores the criminal governance dimension of gang activity by introducing a novel survey instrument, the Crim-Gov questionnaire, and applying it to identify governance-type gangs in London.

Criminal governance is a complex task that not all gangs are able to perform. We find a U-shaped relationship between deprivation and gangs: communities with no gangs are much better off than the rest of the city, yet governance-type criminal groups nest in areas that are not the most deprived and with the weakest social fabric.

Criminal governance is more likely to emerge in communities characterised by greater difficulties in accessing housing and local services, where the legal provision of services is potentially of lesser quality, and with lower residential mobility.

Mandatory Registration. Thank You.

Joint seminar AxPo & Centre for Research on social InequalitieS

How Algorithms Shape Culture: Lessons on Authenticity from Elite Content Creators

Ashley Mears

Professor of Sociology and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Boston University

Friday 2 June 2023, 11:30-13:00 (Paris time)

Location: Room "Salle du Conseil" (5th floor), Sciences Po, 13 rue de l'Université 75007 Paris.
[There will also be a Zoom option to enable a hybrid seminar.  Registration required]

Discussion by Achim Edelmann, Assistant Professor in Computational Social Science, Sciences Po - Médialab

Algorithms shape culture, but how? Algorithms are now so intertwined with markets, workplaces, and media that scholars describe them as part of our social systems of meaning-making.

This project examines how algorithms shape the practical work of making culture. 

I draw from an immersive ethnography of content creators who engineer entertainment videos to go viral on social media. Algorithms, I find, discipline creative workers into making attention-grabbing content, often transforming their artistic visions of authenticity. 

First, creators learn to subjugate their own tastes to data; second, they adapt to algorithm changes; third, they simplify stories into visual, often stereotypically sexualized and racialized imagery; fourth, they copy what works; fifth, they experience thrills of a game of scoring metrics.Ultimately, successful creators redefine their standards of quality with quantitative metrics they think algorithms will reward. 

By documenting this labor process, and creators’ shift in values and authenticity, I arrive at a theory of algorithms as performative in the online cultural economy, and fundamentally at odds with social media platforms’ insistence that they prize and reward authenticity.

Registration is mandatory. Thanks!

The Ecuadorian Securities Market: a sociological account of an apparent failure

Andrés Chiriboga

Thursday May 11th, 3 pm, Sciences Po.

Jury:

• Valérie BOUSSARD, Professeure de sociologie, Université Paris Nanterre
• Felix BÜHLMANN, Professeur associé, Université de Lausanne
• Bruce CARRUTHERS, Professor of Sociology, Northwestern University
• Olivier GODECHOT, Directeur de recherche CNRS, Sciences Po Paris (supervisor)
• Paola TUBARO, Directrice de recherche CNRS, ENSAE-CREST Paris (reviewer)
• Tod VAN GUNTEN, Lecturer in Economic Sociology, University of Edinburgh (reviewer)

This dissertation explains the peculiar evolution of Ecuador's securities market —an inefficient but functional market— by examining how personal, business, and regional ties influence economic transactions and their outcomes.  The structural embeddedness approach is used as a starting point and is advanced it by showing that different social devices, such as regionalism and power imbalances, that have been largely treated separately can be studied as coexisting firm-to-firm ties. The thesis uses a mixed-methods approach to explain how brokerage hiring and trading depend on the existence of multiple social ties that emerge from the country's political economy, and that show how actors develop strategies to maintain or strengthen their advantaged positions. Evidence suggests that the use of trading strategies and their combination in the long run also have social roots. Most strategies increase the profits of brokerage firms and at the same time hinder the overall development of the market. In this sense, this research challenges previous views that have quickly judged this and other Latin American securities markets as failures. The complex social life of this type of incumbent market may not contribute to its global development, but it is not detrimental to individual profits and does not deviate from the effects and consequences of financialization in terms of the concentration of capital and the deepening of inequalities.

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, April 28th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K008

Shadowing recruitment processes in ‘inclusive’ organizations  

Laurence Romani

Professor, Stockholm School of Economics
Director of the Center for Responsible Leadership

How can more skilled migrants be employed at their qualification level?

The management literature has only recently started to address this question, investigating the role that organizations can play in this multi-faceted challenge.

Our current knowledge indicates that problems generally relate to the difficulties of organizations to recognize the adequacy of the foreign skills, to match candidates with their positions on offer or to understand how they fit the organization.

In this presentation, we relate to the social capital literature for the study of an initiative organized by a private company to recruit skilled migrants.
With an in-depth qualitative investigation, we explore the recruitment of candidates to this program, and when and how their capital was recognized. Contrary to expectations, it appears that the recognition of the migrants’ skills was not limited in time (e.g., at the screening process), but rather at (almost) every step of the recruitment. In addition, the skilled migrants’ merits were not considered as a given, but were constantly (re)evaluated.

This case study provides a unique insight into an organizational initiative for the recruitment of migrants while contributing to theory by showing the volatility in evaluating academic merits of migrants. When each step of a recruitment process is about distinguishing and ranking candidates, the assessors do not usually question the recognition of the applicant’s merits. For migrants, it seems that their merits are constantly re-evaluated unless they are embodied in a way recognizable in the local context.

Mandatory Registration. Thank You.

To find out more:

• Stockholm School of Economics (Personal Homepage)

• The Center for Responsible Leadership

Laurence Romani is also CIVICA Academic Lead for SSE.

Faire durer ses objets, une pratique distinctive ?

Consommation et frontières de classe chez les ménages aisés

Maël Ginsburger (Sciences Po - CRIS), Julie Madon (Sciences Po - CSO)

Sociologie, volume 14, n° 1, p. 29 - 48
Cet article est consultable sur CAIRN

La consommation de biens et services ostentatoires a été largement étudiée en lien avec les dynamiques d’affirmation statutaire des classes supérieures. Pour autant, les pratiques de consommation ordinaire sont également propices à l’affirmation de frontières de classe et à la mise en évidence de mécanismes complexes de distinction sociale.

Nous avons choisi d'étudier la manière dont des pratiques visant à allonger la durée de vie des biens durables participent, au sein de ménages aisés, de formes renouvelées de distinction sociale vis-à-vis des autres ménages (issus des classes populaires, mais aussi des classes supérieures).

Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons la notion de « frontières symboliques », afin d’étudier l’interaction entre plusieurs répertoires distinctifs inégalement mobilisés par les individus.
À travers l’exploitation d’enquêtes statistiques et d’entretiens, nous montrons que les pratiques d’allongement de la durée de vie des objets demeurent associées – statistiquement ainsi que dans les représentations – à des situations de forte contrainte budgétaire.
Nous montrons comment la présence de telles pratiques chez des ménages aisés accompagne un difficile positionnement de leur part le long de la frontière socio-économique. Pour autant, ces pratiques servent de support à l’affirmation de frontières symboliques autres – éthiques, techniques et esthétiques – et participent de la construction d’une identité d’élite anti-consumériste.

Les biens durables retenus sont définis par l’enquête Budget de famille de l’Insee. Sont compris, les appareils électroménagers, audiovisuels et numériques, l’informatique et la téléphonie mobile, ainsi que les meubles et le matériel de jardinage et bricolage.

Nous explorons trois répertoires de distinction alternatifs à la consommation ostentatoire mobilisés par les classes supérieures aisées : la morale, la technique (savoir-faire et compétences masculines) et l’esthétique patrimoniale. Le croisement des méthodes et matériaux permet de mieux comprendre dans quelles configurations apparaît un tel recul du registre de la consommation ostentatoire au profit de l’affirmation d’un statut d’élite anti-consumériste.

Les deux auteurs ont été distingués par le Prix Jeunes Chercheurs de la Fondation des Treilles.

CERI & CRIS Joint Seminar

Tuesday, April 25th 2023, 12:30 pm - 2:30 pm
Sciences Po (27, rue Saint-Guillaume) - Room Goguel

Bringing the Social Back In: Secularization Under Theocracy in Iran

Abdie Kazemipur

Professor of sociology and the Chair of Ethnic Studies at the University of Calgary

Discussant: Riva Kastoryano  (Sciences Po - CERI, CNRS)

The bulk of the current discussions and debates on religion and secularity in the Muslim world, including in Iran, suffers from an array of conceptual confusion, historical amnesia, and analytical simplifications. This is partly the consequence of the dominance of highly politicized narratives and the Neo-Orientalist modes of thinking, in which ‘state’ and ‘ideas’ are treated as the main drivers of historical change, including changes related to religion.

In Sacred as Secular: Secularization under Theocracy in Iran (2022, McGill-Queen’s University Press), Abdolmohammad Kazemipur offers an alternative account. Relying on a wide range of empirical data and using a Durkheimian sociological perspective, Kazemipur demonstrates the various dimensions of a deep secularization that has been underway in Iran in the Islamic Republic era and discusses the implications of those trends for the global debates on religion and secularity in the Muslim world.

Registration is mandatory. thank you.

Abdolmohammad Kazemipur is a professor of sociology and Research Chair in Ethnic Studies at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada, and the past president of Canadian Sociological Association.
He received his BA and MA in sociology from University of Tehran (Iran) and his Ph.D. from University of Manitoba (Canada).
Kazemipur has authored ten books and many journal articles and book chapters on his two principal research areas – socio-cultural trends in Iran, and socio-economic experiences of immigrants in Canada – writing in both English and Farsi.
His three most recent books on these topics include: What Went Wrong? On the Decline of Community in Iran (2023, Agar Publisher), Sacred as Secular: Secularization under Theocracy in Iran (2022, McGill-Queen’s University Press), and The Muslim Question in Canada: A Story of Segmented Integration (2014, University of British Columbia Press, the recipient of the 2015 book of the year award from Canadian Sociological Association). He is currently working on a new book manuscript on the international migration ecosystem, tentatively titled Homo Emigraturus.

To find out more:

• Book Overview, McGill-Queen's University Press
• Abdie Kazemipur Personal Website
• Abdie Kazemipur Academic Webpage, University of Calgary, Dpt. of Sociology

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, April 7th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K008

Correcting Misperceptions about Ethnic Discrimination:
The Limits of Awareness Raising to Promote Support for Equal Treatment Policies

Merlin Schaeffer

Professor, Dpt. of Sociology, University of Copenhagen

To what extent are mainstream citizens aware of ethnic discrimination in their society, and can awareness-raising initiatives increase recognition of this issue and garner support from citizens for equal treatment policies?

Using a survey experiment among a representative sample of 4,800 mainstream Danes, we elicited mis-perceptions of the extent of discrimination that Muslims face in access to work, housing, education, and political representatives. We then tested whether informing citizens about the results of field-experimental correspondence studies increases their recognition of the issue and support for equal treatment policies.

The study advances over prior information treatment designs, by testing the importance of three ideal-types of framing, based on the assumption that citizens require framing that helps them comprehend the significance of social science evidence.
The three ideal-types of framing tested were: an independent scientist framing the evidence as credible, a lawyer framing the evidence as a breach of the law, or a potentially affected minority framing the evidence as causing them grief.
Moreover, the experiment utilizes two control groups to disentangle the effects of priming respondents on the topic under investigation from the effects of the correction and its framing.

The results indicate that most citizens are aware of the discrimination that minorities face and even tend to over-perceive its extent. Furthermore, communicating correspondence study results corrects and converges perceptions about the extent of ethnic discrimination but does not change recognition of the problem or support for equal treatment policies - regardless of whether framed by researchers, lawyers, potentially affected persons, or not framed at all.
The mere priming of the topic of discrimination also has no effect, apart from increasing donations to minority support groups.

In conclusion, these findings suggests that awareness-raising initiatives are unlikely to be successful in promoting support for policies that promote equal treatment. We conclude by discussing that lack of support for such policies is likely driven by other factors, such as concerns that they may infringe on mainstream privileges.

Registration is mandatory. thank you.

To find out more:

• Webpage in the University of Copenhagen

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, March 24th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K008

Inequality and COVID-19 in Sweden:
Relative risks of nine negative life events, along four social gradients, in pandemic vs. pre-pandemic years

Olof Östergren

Researcher, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University

The COVID-19 pandemic struck societies directly and indirectly, impacting population health and disrupting many aspects of life. The burdens of the pandemic fell more heavily on some groups than others. These different consequences of the spreading virus ---and the measures to fight them--- are reported and analyzed in different scientific fora, with hard-to-compare methods that largely follow disciplinary boundaries. As a result, it is hard to grasp the pandemic's full impact on social inequalities.

This presentation relies on individual-level, administrative data for Sweden's entire population to describe how different social groups fared in terms of nine outcomes: three types of COVID-19 incidence, as well as six other negative life outcomes reflecting health, economic conditions and health care access. The outcomes are all defined as binary events and expressed as the risks of experiencing a negative event. Relative risks are calculated by gender, region of birth, education, and income using the population average risk as the reference for all groups.

During 2020, the population faced severe morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 and saw higher all-cause mortality, income losses and unemployment risks, as well as reduced access to medical care. In terms of relative risks versus mean risks in the population, these burdens fell disproportionately on those with low income or education, and on residents born outside of Sweden. However, the relative risks across social groups were strikingly similar to those in pre-pandemic years.

The pandemic struck Swedes unequally across several dimensions and along multiple social gradients. Despite at-risk groups experiencing larger excess risks for direct and indirect consequences of the pandemic, relative social inequalities were strikingly similar to those in pre-pandemic years.

Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

To find out more:

• Working Paper (SocArXiv)

• Webpage in Stockholm University

Prévalence, mécanismes et conséquences cumulatives des discriminations en raison de l’origine

Revue Appartenances & Altérités

Numéro 2023-3

Accès ouvert sur le portail Open Edition

Ce numéro propose un dialogue interdisciplinaire entre psychologie sociale, science économique et deux styles de recherche en sociologie que l’on associe au « qualitatif » et au « quantitatif ». Les auteurs se sont livrés à une relecture croisée des différentes contributions. Le dossier permet une vue panoramique sur les travaux de recherche contemporains traitant des discriminations en raison de l’origine, dans différents domaines, notamment le marché de travail, les interactions avec la police et les échanges entre passants dans les espaces publics.

Dans le dossier :

Martin Aranguren
Introduction. Prévalence, mécanismes et conséquences des discriminations en raison de l’origine : un état des lieux des travaux en économie, en psychologie et en sociologie

Serge Guimond
Les discriminations individuelles et institutionnelles : Apports théoriques et méthodologiques de la psychologie sociale  [Individual and institutional discrimination: Theoretical and methodological contributions of social psychology]

Yannick L’Horty et Pascale Petit
Mesurer des discriminations ethno-raciales en France : l’apport des testing
[Measuring ethno-racial discrimination in France: the contribution of correspondence tests]

Guillaume Roux, Anaïk Purenne et Julien Talpin
Expérience des discriminations et citoyenneté : Enquête auprès d’habitants de quartiers populaires [The experience of discrimination and citizenship: A study with inhabitants of French banlieue neighborhoods]

Martin Aranguren
Sketch of a research program on the contribution of discrimination to mental health inequalities: a critical review of evidence, models and methods

Department of Sociology Seminar

Friday, 10th March 2023, 12:30pm - 2:30pm
Sciences Po (9 rue de la Chaise) - Room C910
[Zoom link available on request]

Algorithmic Management and New Forms of Class Conflict

David C. Stark

Arthur Lehman Professor of Sociology, Columbia University
Director, Center on Organizational Innovation

The turn of the 20th Century saw the emergence of a new knowledge class, pioneered by mechanical engineers championing a movement known as Scientific Management.
Today, in the opening decades of the 21st Century we find the emergence of a different knowledge class. At its forefront we also find engineers, but these are software engineers championing Algorithmic Management.

In this presentation, I first discuss the platform organizational form and then examine how algorithmic management addresses the peculiar managerial challenges when valuable assets and activities occur on the platform but not in the firm.
After comparing and contrasting scientific and algorithmic management I then discuss the current era of platform monopoly capitalism as one of class conflict between two middle classes. On one side is the established professional-managerial class, organized around claims of professional expertise. On the other side, the challengers, organized around new, algorithmic knowledge claims.

Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

To find out more: https://davidcstark.net/

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, February 17th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K008

The Big Apple’s Inner Workings:
Structural Stress, Individual Strain, and Relational Footholds in a Labor Market

Philipp Brandt

Assistant Professor, Sciences Po - CSO

Workers quickly disappear behind larger processes in labor markets. They can get qualifications or referrals for better jobs, do the ones they have well or slack, and organize for better conditions. But labor market changes come from political reforms, technological innovation, and the rise of international trading partners.

This talk turns to a less vivid but equally important side of labor markets, their continuity, where workers’ activities play a significant role. It shows how so in the prominent case of New York City’s original yellow cab industry.

Whereas previous studies took externally defined perspectives, this analysis reconstructs drivers’ work lives from a large database of a year’s work activities: 170 million trips. It identifies two main segments of drivers, one in familiar transactional work arrangements and another in previously unrecognized relational work arrangements. Transactions offer flexibility and relations stability but require commitment. Drivers embark on “relational hustling” quests where they take spare shifts in existing relational arrangements to find stable relations and, with them, higher average revenues.

This small segment of hustlers ensures continuity for all in New York City’s yellow cab industry and informs our understanding of labor markets.

Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

To find out more: https://www.philippbrandt.xyz/home

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence on learning
during the COVID-19 pandemic

Bastian A. Betthäuser, Anders M. Bach-Mortensen, Per Engzell

Nature Human Behaviour, published 30 January 2023

Open Access - doi: 10.1038/s41562-022-01506-4 

Since the beginning of the pandemic, children in primary and secondary schools have lost out on one third of what they would have learned in a normal school year. The existing evidence suggests that children have thus far not recovered this learning deficit. These are the main conclusions of the study.
The authors analyzed data from more than 38 million school children in 15 countries.

• Children in primary and secondary schools lost out on a substantial amount of learning early in the COVID-19 pandemic.
  The first months of the pandemic were very disruptive. Teachers, parents and children were not prepared for schools closing. Children’s ability to learn is likely to have been reduced by lockdowns and the associated economic uncertainties of many families.

• Worryingly, children have still not recovered the learning they lost early in the pandemic.
  But, on the positive side, children, teachers and parents have been successful in preventing early learning deficits from growing even larger as the pandemic continues.”

• The learning gap between children from different socioeconomic backgrounds increased during the pandemic. The learning crisis is an equality crisis. Children from disadvantaged families were disproportionately affected. At the same time, they had fewer means to continue learning from home, for example with respect to a quiet place to study or a computer.

• The pandemic also reinforced learning inequality at the global level.
  Children in poorer countries lost out on more learning than their peers in richer countries.

• The extent of learning deficits also differs across subjects.
  The authors see a larger learning deficit in maths compared to reading. This may be due to parents being better able to help their children with reading compared to maths.

• A few countries seem to have avoided significant setbacks, and their experience may provide valuable policy lessons.
  In Sweden, where schools did not close, students are performing as well as in normal school years before the pandemic.

• The study highlights that urgent policy action is needed to address setbacks in children’s learning.
  In order to allow children to recover learning lost during the pandemic, we need to provide them with opportunities to learn outside of the regular classroom hours. Potential ways to do this include offering summer schools, organizing tutoring programmes and improving digital learning platforms.

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, January 27th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K008

Social Diversity at School, Academic Performances, and Social Skills:
Evidence From a French Desegregation Experiment

Élise Huillery

Full Professor,  Université Paris-Dauphine (PSL)

This presentation examines whether desegregation at school may benefit all students and reduce social inequality in educational outcomes.

We exploit a national initiative launched by the French Ministry of Education to desegregate voluntary middle schools, and matched these schools with similar schools, which have not engaged into desegregation.
In the more segregated schools, the program was successful at increasing the exposure of low-SES to high-SES students, and conversely. Absolute academic performance of students from both background-types was not affected by the program, although the pre-existing gap in relative rank and academic self-esteem between both types of students widened.
We also show that desegregation improved students’ social relationships: it induced more diverse friendship networks, and low-SES students report better school climate, higher quality of relationships with friends, and a greater feeling of safety at school, while leaving the one of high-SES students unchanged.
Finally, we find some improvements in students’ values in favor of cooperation and solidarity. Overall, school desegregation brings social benefits, without negatively affecting the academic performance of any group.

Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

To find out more: https://dauphine.psl.eu/recherche/cvtheque/huillery-elise

Roads, rails, and checkpoints:
Assessing the permeability of nation-state borders worldwide

Ettore Recchi, Emanuel Deutschmann & Lorenzo Gabrielli

World Development, vol. 164, 106175, April 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106175
Paper in open access on ScienceDirect

The permeability of nation-state borders determines the flow of people and commodities between countries and therefore greatly influences many aspects of human development from trade and economic inequality to migration and the ethnic composition of societies worldwide. While past research on the topic has focused on border fortification (walls, fences, etc.) or the legal dimension of border controls, we take a different approach by arguing that transport infrastructure (paths, roads, railroads, ferries) together with political checkpoints can be used as valuable indicators for the permeability of borders worldwide. More and better transport infrastructure increases permeability, whereas checkpoints create the political capacity for reducing entries.

Using automatized computational methods combined with extensive manual checks, we parse data from OpenStreetMap and the World Food Programme to detect cross-border transport infrastructure and checkpoints. Based on this information, we define an index of border permeability for 312 land borders globally.

Subsequent analyses show that regardless of the degree of closure enforcement at checkpoints, Europe and Africa have the most, and the Americas the least, permeable borders worldwide. Regression models reveal that border permeability is higher in densely populated areas and that economic development, by far the most relevant explanatory factor, has a curvilinear relationship with border permeability: Borders of very rich and very poor countries are highly permeable, whereas those of moderately prosperous nation-states are significantly harder to cross. Implications of this remarkably clear pattern are discussed.

This novel approach may deliver new insights into many social, political, economic, geographic, epidemiological, legal, and cultural aspects of world development. For example, the Border Permeability Dataset could be used to examine whether and how border permeability is related to: COVID-19 outbreaks, mobility flows of various kinds (from trade to migration to tourism to virus flows), conflict, war, terrorist incidents, environmental degradation, or ethnic fractionalization.

Europe and Western and Eastern Africa have the most permeable and the Americas the least permeable borders worldwide.

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, January 13th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K008

Multigenerational Transmission of Wealth: Florence, 1404-1480

Roberto Galbiati
Senior Scientist (CNRS), Sciences Po - Department of Economics  

By using hand-collected data on households’ wealth assessments, we study multigenerational mobility in Florence during the Late Middle Ages.

Our results unveil a tension between relatively high mobility in the short-run, and substantial persistence of the economic status across generations in the longer-run (80 years).

We reconcile these findings by showing their consistency with a model where the transmission of wealth is governed by an unobserved latent factor.

 Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

Link to Roberto Galbiati's webpage

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, December 16th 2022, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K008

Worlds apart: migration journeys and gender inequalities

Marion Lieutaud
Research Fellow, London School of Economics and political science

Migrant families are often stereotyped as patriarchal, with women ‘trailing’ behind. Such narratives justify anti-immigrant policies and xenophobia, often in the name of supposedly feminist values (Farris, 2017). Disputing these narratives is hampered by the glaring deficit of quantitative enquiries into the relationship between migration and gender inequality, especially in the gender division of unpaid domestic and care labour. The limited scholarship focuses on differences between ethnic groups rather than different circumstances of migration, although there is some evidence that time-use patterns differ depending on the age at migration (Kan and Laurie 2018). Migrants’ gender ideologies also change post-migration, suggesting a gender-acculturation effect (Roeder and Mühlau 2014).

This research investigates a parallel hypothesis: it contends that the life-course circumstances of migration play an important role in setting up (entrenching or subverting) power balances in couples. This could in turn durably impacts the gender division of labour in migrants’ relationships – a theoretical approach that treats migration and mobility processes as both gendered and gendering (Pedraza 1991, Hondagneu-Sotelo 1992). Drawing on survey data from Understanding Society (UK, 2009-) and Trajectoires et Origines (France, 2008-2009, 2019-2020), this quantitative investigation employs sequence analysis to build a typology of union-migration trajectories and tests the association between these union-migration trajectories and different degrees of gender-specialisation in couples. It shows that, when it comes to gender dynamics around the distribution of unpaid housework, care work and paid work, how and when in the life-course women migrate often matters more than where they came from or who they partnered with.

Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Monday, December 12th 2022, 12:30 pm - 2 pm
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas) - Room H101

Understanding and Alleviating Inequalities in Digital News Consumption

Antonis KALOGEROPOULOS
Lecturer, University of Liverpool

The goal of my project is to understand and develop strategies to mitigate inequalities in digital news consumption, the acquisition of political knowledge and vulnerability to misinformation.

While inequalities in digital news access have been lowered with very high levels of internet access in many countries, there are indications that inequalities in digital news use and the benefits of being exposed to it, like the acquisition of political knowledge, are increasing.

Academic literature has been instrumental in describing how digital intermediaries (e.g. social media or search engines) and different modes (mobile devices) have changed the way people consume news, however little attention has been given to how these changes manifest against the backdrop of pre-existing social inequalities in news use and the acquisition of political information.

Thus, the project will a) reliably identify digital inequalities in news use, the acquisition of political knowledge, and vulnerability in online misinformation in countries of the Global North and the Global South. In its examination it will focus on b) long-standing informational inequalities related to social class, gender, and age and c) the role of new information technologies like digital intermediaries and mobile devices. Apart from identifying people with low levels of news use, this project will d) explore the ways that parts of the population navigate and face disadvantages in a complex digital media environment.Last, this project, will for the first time, e) test digital public health style interventions that could reduce inequalities in digital news use, political knowledge, and exposure to as well as belief in online misinformation.

To achieve these objectives, this project will employ a novel set of methods including passive tracking, a panel survey, trace interviews, computer-assisted content analysis, and a field experiment. Overall, this project will be the first to examine and find ways to alleviate inequalities in digital news use, using an innovative mixed-methods approach and a Global North/South comparative framework.

Registration is mandatory. Thank you. [Virtual access available via Zoom]

To find out more on Antonis Kalogeropoulos

Le sommeil, une variable d’ajustement ? Différences sociales et genrées au cours du cycle de vie

Capucine Rauch

Vendredi 2 décembre à 14h à Sciences Po (site Saint-Thomas d’Aquin). Accès des publics externes sur invitation.

Jury :

• Marta Dominguez Folgueras, Associate Professor, Sciences Po - CRIS,
• Christophe Giraud, Professeur des universités, Université de Paris (Rapporteur),
• Laurent Lesnard, Directeur de recherche CNRS, Sciences Po - CRIS (Codirecteur),
• Pierre Mercklé, Professeur des universités, Université Grenoble-Alpes (Rapporteur),
• Nicolas Robette, Maître de conférences, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines,
• Anne Solaz, Directrice de recherche, Ined (Codirectrice), Oriel Sullivan, Professor, University College London.

En partant de l'hypothèse de l'utilisation du sommeil comme variable d'ajustement de l’emploi du temps, cette thèse de sociologie quantitative étudie les rythmes de vie des individus, sous l'angle du rôle qu'ils confèrent au sommeil. Elle rend compte des mécanismes qui déterminent comment sommeil et activités s'organisent, et analyse dans quelle mesure cette variable d'ajustement est distinctive de certains groupes de la population et de leurs rythmes et modes de vie. La place du sommeil dans l'emploi du temps s'ajuste à la position des individus dans la société, reflétant leur place dans les rapports sociaux.

La place des individus dans le champ économique procure un effet structurant et durable sur l'organisation de leur sommeil ; l'activité professionnelle et ses horaires définissent les possibilités d'organisation temporelle des individus, cet effet persistant même après la cessation de l'activité professionnelle. On souligne dans ce travail le caractère genré du sommeil en confirmant qu'il s'agit d'une activité s'inscrivant dans le partage inégalitaire des activités parentales et domestiques, dont l'ajustement incombe principalement aux femmes.

Enfin, cette thèse documente l'effet des questions et des modalités de réponses sur les estimations du temps passé à une activité, ici avec l’exemple du sommeil.

• Pour en savoir plus
  Page web de Capucine Rauch

« Mobilité sociale en cours de carrière et trajectoires de classe. Une contribution à l’étude de la stratification sociale en France entre 1970 et 2015 »

Marta Veljkovic (Sciences Po - CRIS et INED)

La soutenance aura lieu le lundi 5 décembre 2022 à 14h en présentiel à Sciences Po (1, Place Saint-Thomas d’Aquin, 75007, Paris).
Accès sur invitation pour les personnes extérieures à Sciences Po.

Composition du jury :

• Carlo Barone, Professeur des Universités, Sciences Po - CRIS & LIEPP,
• Nicolas Duvoux, Professeur des Universités, Université Paris VIII Vincennes - Saint Denis (rapporteur),
• Daniel Oesch, Professeur associé, Institut des Sciences Sociales, Université de Lausanne,
• Delphine Remillon, Chargée de recherche, Institut national d’études démographiques (codirectrice de thèse),
• Olivia Samuel, Professeure des Universités, Université Paris Nanterre (rapporteure),
• Louis-André Vallet, Directeur de recherche CNRS, GEMASS, Sorbonne Université (directeur de thèse).

Porteuses des mécanismes de cumul et de compensation des (dés)avantages initiaux, les carrières professionnelles dans les sociétés contemporaines sont à la fois le produit et un des mécanismes de la stratification sociale. Dans cette étude, l’analyse de la mobilité sociale en cours de carrière permet de s’intéresser à l’évolution des inégalités de classe et de genre à l’aune des grandes transformations de la structure sociale, du marché du travail et des caractéristiques de la population active en France au cours du demi-siècle passé.

À partir des enquêtes Formation-Qualification Professionnelle (Insee), la dynamique de la mobilité depuis le premier emploi et à cinq ans d’intervalle est observée selon les périodes et au fil des générations.
À l’aide de l’enquête Histoire de vie (Insee), l’analyse de la structure de la mobilité est complétée par une reconstruction annuelle des trajectoires de classe.
Les ressorts sociaux de la mobilité sont étudiés en analysant l’origine sociale des individus et leurs parcours conjugaux et parentaux.

Les résultats mettent en évidence une évolution lente mais continue des flux de mobilité intragénérationnelle, évolution qui va au-delà de celle qui aurait été produite par le seul changement de la structure sociale au fil du temps. Toutefois, la hausse de l’ampleur de la fluidité de carrière ne s’étant pas accompagnée d’une modification majeure du degré de proximité et de distance entre les différentes classes sociales, les analyses suggèrent un changement seulement partiel du régime de carrière en France, avec une évolution des flux mais un maintien des barrières à la mobilité.    

[EN Summary] Professional careers in contemporary societies are both the product and one of the mechanisms of social stratification, as they can represent patterns of both accumulation and compensation of initial social (dis)advantages over the life-course. This thesis analyzes social mobility over the career to examine the evolution of class and gender inequalities while accounting for major transformations in the social structure, the labor market and the labor force characteristics in France over the past half-century.

Drawing on the Formation-Qualification Professionnelle surveys (Insee), I observe mobility dynamics from the first job and at five-year intervals from both a period and a cohort approach.
I complement the analysis of the mobility structure with an annual reconstruction of class trajectories derived from the Histoire de vie survey (Insee). I study mobility resources by analyzing the social origin of individuals and their conjugal and parental histories.

The results reveal a slow but continuous change in intragenerational mobility whose explanation goes beyond the transforming social structure alone. However, increasing career fluidity is not accompanied by a major change in the proximity and distance between different social classes. These results suggest only a partial change in the career regime in France, with an evolution of the flux and a maintenance of the barriers to mobility.

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, November 25th 2022, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K031

Feeling disadvantaged? Type of employment contract and political attitudes

Kseniia Gatskova
(Senior researcher, Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies )

We test the theory of relative deprivation in the context of intense labour reallocations in Polish labour market during the post-crisis period 2009–2015 when the incidence of temporary contracts was the highest in the EU and provide novel evidence on the causal relationship between the type of employment contract and political attitudes.

Our  findings suggest that temporary workers are more supportive of income redistribution and are less supportive of democracy. Moreover, a change in the contract type from temporary to permanent leads to a respective change in political attitudes. The effect of temporary employment on political attitudes is stronger pronounced in those population groups that meet better the conditions for occurrence of the sense of relative deprivation.

Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

Dr. Kseniia Gatskova's homepage: https://leibniz-ios.de/personen/details/kseniia-gatskova

Sciences Po is launching a call for applications for 10 postdoctoral fellowships as part of the Bruno Latour Fund, a postdoctoral research program on environmental and climate transformations.
This program aims to host at Sciences Po Paris campus, young social scientists wishing to build a collective and multidisciplinary initiative on how ecological and climate crises are reshaping the contemporary economic, social, legal and political order, and how they invite us to reconsider our history.

These postdoctoral contracts, lasting 36 months, will be filled in two recruitment waves:

• 4 fellowships, Autumn 2022, to start from March 1st, 2023: applications to be sent no later than December 1st, 2022.

• 6 fellowships, Spring 2023, for a start in autumn 2023 (schedule to be confirmed).

The remuneration is 3.400 € gross per month.
Successful candidates will be assigned to one of Sciences Po's research centers, including the CRIS, according to their wishes and with the agreement of the center. They will thus benefit from its working environment.

Each candidate will receive a personal research fund of 5,000 € for the duration of his/her contract.

All those who hold a doctorate on the date of application and who have defended their thesis within the four
preceding years are eligible (see exception).

Candidates will be selected on the basis of their scientific merit, their ability to mobilize trans-disciplinary interest,
and their dynamic involvement in Sciences Po's research centers.

Through their research, postdoctoral fellows will deepen and renew existing initiatives within Sciences Po and outreach programs developed in partnership with Université Paris Cité (Earth politics center, environmental axis and Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Evaluation of Public Policies - LIEPP). They will contribute to the structuring of an interdisciplinary environmental research workshop (AIRE) group.

Successful candidates undertake, for the duration of their contract :

• Research: to conduct their research program submitted, to participate in the scientific activities of their home laboratory and in those of the Interdisciplinary Environmental Research Workshop (AIRE).
• Teaching: to give at least one course per year (24 hours) at Sciences Po
• Promotion: to write a working paper for the attention of the contributors of the Latour Fund and the general public.

To find out about the recruitment procedure, please download here the call (pdf, 88 ko) or read online the complete procedure.  

CRIS is one of the 10 Sciences Po centres that can host successful candidates. If you are interested in applying and wish to be hosted as a Postdoc fellow at CRIS, don't hesitate to contact the head of the center Mirna Safi for further information about us.